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UNASSIGNED: Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, remains a significant challenge as a vaccine-preventable disease worldwide. Since the switch from the whole-cell Pertussis (wP) vaccine to the acellular Pertussis vaccine (aP), cases of whooping cough have increased in countries using the aP vaccine. Understanding the immune system\'s response to pertussis vaccines and infection is crucial for improving current vaccine efficacy.
UNASSIGNED: This review of the literature using PubMed records offers an overview of the qualitative differences in antibody and T cell responses to B. pertussis (BP) in vaccination and infection, and their potential association with decreased efficacy of the aP vaccine in preventing infection and subclinical colonization. We further discuss how asymptomatic infections and carriage are widespread among vaccinated human populations, and explore methodologies that can be employed for their detection, to better understand their impact on adaptive immune responses and identify key features necessary for protection against the disease.
UNASSIGNED: An underappreciated human BP reservoir, stemming from the decreased capacity of the aP vaccine to prevent subclinical infection, offers an alternative explanation for the increased incidence of clinical disease and recurrent outbreaks.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and infection rates of pertussis in the population of Henan Province. Methods: From 2022 to 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the permanent population in Henan Province. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-pertussis toxin IgG (PT-IgG), analyze the antibody positivity rate (≥20 IU/ml) and median concentration (MC), and estimate the pertussis infection rate based on PT IgG ≥40 IU/ml. The rank sum test was used to compare antibody levels among groups, and the χ2 test was used to compare antibody positive rates and infection rates among groups. Results: A total of 4 810 research subjects were included in this study. The overall positive rate of PT-IgG was 12.10% and MC was 3.04 (0.35, 10.36) IU/ml. There were significant differences both in positive rates and antibody levels of PT-IgG among different regions or age groups (region positive rate: χ2=134.06, P<0.001, MC: H=337.74, P<0.001; age group positive rate: χ2=45.27, P<0.001, MC: H=134.49, P<0.001). Both the positive rate of PT-IgG (25.26%) and MC (8.01 IU/ml) were the highest within one year after completing a full course of vaccination. There were significant differences in positive rates and antibody levels among people receiving different types of pertussis vaccines (positive rate: χ2=12.38, P=0.006, MC: H=17.93, P<0.001). The antibody positivity rate (35.71%) and MC (8.88 IU/ml) of the people who received cell-free pertussis inactivated poliomyelitis influenza type b (combined) vaccine throughout the course were higher than those who received other types of vaccines. The natural infection rate of pertussis was evaluated for individuals aged≥3 years who had no history of pertussis vaccine immunization within the year prior to sampling. With a high vaccination rate, the estimated infection rate of pertussis in the population was 5 757.22/100 000. The infection rates in the 3-year-old (1 940.16/100 000) and 4-year-old (1 765.68/100 000) populations were at a low level among the entire population, reaching their peak at the age of 6 (12 656.71/100 000). Subsequently, although the infection rate continued to decline, it remained at a high level and peaked again at the age of 40-49 years (8 740.39/100 000). There was a statistically significant difference in the estimated infection rate of pertussis among different age groups (χ2=53.21, P<0.001). Conclusion: The PT-IgG level of pertussis in the population of Henan Province is generally at a low level. The estimated infection rate of pertussis is much higher than the reported incidence rate. A booster dose of pertussis vaccine is recommended at 6 years old.
目的： 分析河南省人群百日咳血清流行病学分布特征、影响因素和百日咳感染率。 方法： 于2022—2023年采用横断面调查方法，调查河南省常住人口，采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清百日咳毒素IgG（PT-IgG），分析抗体阳性率（≥20 IU/ml）和中位数浓度（MC），以PT-IgG≥40 IU/ml估算百日咳感染率。抗体水平的组间比较采用秩和检验，抗体阳性率、感染率的组间比较采用χ2检验。 结果： 共纳入研究对象4 810名。PT-IgG总阳性率为12.10%，MC为3.04（0.35，10.36）IU/ml。不同地区、年龄组人群PT-IgG阳性率和抗体水平的差异均有统计学意义（地区阳性率：χ2=134.06，P<0.001，MC：H=337.74，P<0.001；年龄组阳性率：χ2=45.27，P<0.001，MC：H=134.49，P<0.001）。完成全程免疫后1年内PT-IgG阳性率（25.26%）和MC（8.01 IU/ml）最高；接种不同类型百日咳疫苗人群PT-IgG阳性率和抗体水平的差异均有统计学意义（阳性率：χ2=12.38，P=0.006，MC：H=17.93，P<0.001），其中全程接种无细胞百白破-灭活脊髓灰质炎-b型流感嗜血杆菌（结合）联合疫苗人群的抗体阳性率（35.71%）和MC（8.88 IU/ml）高于接种其他类型疫苗人群。对≥3岁且采样前1年内无百日咳疫苗免疫史人群进行百日咳自然感染率评估，在疫苗接种率维持在高水平的情况下，人群百日咳估算感染率为5 757.22/10万。3岁（1 940.16/10万）和4岁（1 765.68/10万）人群感染率处于全人群的低位，6岁时达到峰值（12 656.71/10万）。随后感染率虽然持续下降，但仍维持在较高水平，至40~49岁再次出现峰值（8 740.39/10万）。不同年龄组人群百日咳估算感染率的差异有统计学意义（χ2=53.21，P<0.001）。 结论： 河南省人群百日咳PT-IgG整体处于低位水平；百日咳估算感染率远高于报告发病率；建议在6岁时开展百日咳疫苗加强免疫。.

Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium responsible for whooping cough, remains a significant public health challenge despite the existing licensed pertussis vaccines. Current acellular pertussis vaccines, though having favorable reactogenicity and efficacy profiles, involve complex and costly production processes. In addition, acellular vaccines have functional challenges such as short-lasting duration of immunity and limited antigen coverage. Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is an adhesin of B. pertussis that is included in all multivalent pertussis vaccine formulations. Antibodies to FHA have been shown to prevent bacterial attachment to respiratory epithelial cells, and T cell responses to FHA facilitate cell-mediated immunity. In this study, FHA\'s mature C-terminal domain (MCD) was evaluated as a novel vaccine antigen. MCD was conjugated to virus-like particles via SpyTag-SpyCatcher technology. Prime-boost vaccine studies were performed in mice to characterize immunogenicity and protection against the intranasal B. pertussis challenge. MCD-SpyVLP was more immunogenic than SpyTag-MCD antigen alone, and in Tohama I strain challenge studies, improved protection against challenge was observed in the lungs at day 3 and in the trachea and nasal wash at day 7 post-challenge. Furthermore, a B. pertussis strain encoding genetically inactivated pertussis toxin was used to evaluate MCD-SpyVLP vaccine immunity. Mice vaccinated with MCD-SpyVLP had significantly lower respiratory bacterial burden at both days 3 and 7 post-challenge compared to mock-vaccinated animals. Overall, these data support the use of SpyTag-SpyCatcher VLPs as a platform for use in vaccine development against B. pertussis and other pathogens.

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A panel of 24 international experts met in July 2022 to discuss challenges associated with pertussis detection, monitoring, and vaccination in adults; conclusions from this meeting are presented. There has been a shift in the epidemiology of pertussis toward older children and adults. This shift has been attributed to the waning of infection- or vaccine-induced immunity, newer detection techniques causing detection bias, and possibly the replacement of whole-cell pertussis with acellular vaccines in high-income countries, which may lead to immunity waning more quickly. The burden of adult pertussis is still likely under-ascertained due to widespread under-recognition by healthcare professionals (HCPs), under-diagnosis, and under-reporting in this age group. Non-standardized testing guidance and varied case definitions have contributed to under-reporting. Key barriers to HCP engagement with the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine include low awareness, lack of time/funding, and lack of motivation due to low prioritization of Tdap.

UNASSIGNED: Pertussis cases have increased markedly since 2018 in Guangxi. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibody levels and the infection status of pertussis in the resident population.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 10,215 serum samples from residents were collected from August-November 2018 and tested for anti-pertussis IgG and toxin IgG using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
UNASSIGNED: Of the collected samples, 1,833 (17.94%) tested positive for anti-pertussis IgG, with the median concentration of 16.06 IU/mL. Antibody level < 10 IU/mL accounted for more than 60% in children under 4 years of age, but declined with age, whereas the percentages of the other three levels (10-40, 40-50, and ≥ 50 IU/mL) increased almost with age ( P < 0.001). Moreover, 7,924 samples were selected for anti-pertussis toxin IgG, of which 653 (8.24%) tested positive (≥ 40 IU/mL) with the median concentration of 5.89 IU/mL, and 204 participants (2.56%) had recent pertussis infection (≥ 100 IU/mL). Among the different age groups, the highest rates of positivity and recent infection were observed at 11-20 years of age, the lowest positivity rate at 5 years of age, and the lowest recent infection rate at 4 years of age ( P < 0.001, P = 0.005, respectively).
UNASSIGNED: The survey results showed that all age groups in Guangxi lacked immunity against pertussis, which was one of the main factors contributing to the resurgence of pertussis in 2018. In addition, the prevalence of pertussis is relatively high in Guangxi, and its incidence is seriously underestimated, especially in adolescents and adults.

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Recent months have seen an increase in pertussis cases in several countries across the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The lack of immune stimulation during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the reduced circulation of Bordetella pertussis, the pathogen responsible for pertussis, is likely to have led to increased population susceptibility which has been magnified the typical three to five yearly cyclical peaks in activity. Maternal immunization for pertussis proves highly effective in protecting infants under three months of age. It\'s also critical for immunizers and parents to maintain high and timely immunization uptake to ensure infants receive maximum early protection when they are most at risk of severe disease.