OBJECTIVE: The bench press is a resistance training exercise that targets several upper body muscles, including the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), and triceps brachii (TB). The purpose of this study was to influence the PM activity pattern during the bench press after a 10-week targeted resistance training intervention.
METHODS: Sixteen men with significant experience in strength training participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group underwent targeted training of PM and bench press, while the control group only did bench press. Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess muscle activity before and after the intervention.
RESULTS: The experimental group had a significant increase in PM activity after the intervention (p=0.0002; ES=2.6), while the control group did not show any significant change (p=0.14). The activity of AD and TB remained relatively stable across both groups and time points.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that focused resistance training can improve PM involvement in the bench press, potentially optimizing muscle excitation patterns and performance.

OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used and offers an additional viewpoint for evaluating extrapulmonary symptoms, disease severity, and muscle atrophy. This study assessed whether the pectoralis muscle area (PMA) and pectoralis muscle density (PMD) are lower in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in healthy controls and elucidated their relationships with these variables.
METHODS: The participants were enrolled in the hospital outpatient clinic between October 2023 and May 2024. Information was obtained from questionnaires, lung function, and CT imaging findings. On full-inspiratory CT, the PMA and PMD were measured at the aortic arch level using predetermined attenuation ranges of -29 and 150 Hounsfield units. We observed lower PMA and PMD and evaluated their associations with lung function, respiratory symptoms, and CT imaging findings in patients with COPD.
RESULTS: Overall, 120 participants were enrolled at baseline (60 healthy controls and 60 patients with COPD). PMA and PMD were lower with progressive airflow limitation severity in those with COPD. The degree of emphysema and air trapping, as well as lung function, were correlated with PMA and PMD (P < 0.05), although not with the COPD Assessment Test or modified Medical Research Council scores (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Participants with COPD had smaller PMA and PMD. These measurements were correlated with the severity of airflow limitation, lung function, emphysema, and air trapping, suggesting that these features of the pectoralis muscle obtained from CT are helpful in assessments of patients with COPD.

Low muscle mass is associated with numerous adverse outcomes independent of other associated comorbid diseases. We aimed to predict and understand an individual\'s risk for developing low muscle mass using proteomics and machine learning. We identified eight biomarkers associated with low pectoralis muscle area (PMA). We built three random forest classification models that used either clinical measures, feature selected biomarkers, or both to predict development of low PMA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for each model was: clinical-only = 0.646, biomarker-only = 0.740, and combined = 0.744. We displayed the heterogenetic nature of an individual\'s risk for developing low PMA and identified two distinct subtypes of participants who developed low PMA. While additional validation is required, our methods for identifying and understanding individual and group risk for low muscle mass could be used to enable developments in the personalized prevention of low muscle mass.

Breast muscle growth rate and intramuscular fat (IMF) content show apparent differences between fast-growing broilers and slow-growing indigenous chickens. However, the underlying genetic basis of these phenotypic characteristics remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the dynamic alterations of three-dimensional genome architecture and chromatin accessibility in breast muscle across four key developmental stages from embryo to starter chick in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and Yufen (YF) indigenous chickens. The limited breed-specifically up-regulated genes (Bup-DEGs) are embedded in breed-specific A compartment, while a majority of the Bup-DEGs involving myogenesis and adipogenesis are regulated by the breed-specific TAD reprogramming. Chromatin loops allow distal accessible regions to interact with myogenic genes, and those loops share an extremely low similarity between chicken with different growth rate. Moreover, AA-specific loop interactions promote the expression of 40 Bup-DEGs, such as IGF1, which contributes to myofiber hypertrophy. YF-specific loop interactions or distal accessible regions lead to increased expression of 5 Bup-DEGs, including PIGO, PEMT, DHCR7, TMEM38B, and DHDH, which contribute to IMF deposition. These results help elucidate the regulation of breast muscle growth and IMF deposition in chickens.

BACKGROUND: In immediate breast reconstruction (IBR), it is unclear whether there is any difference in the complication rates between prepectoral versus subpectoral implant placement without acellular dermal matrix (ADM).
OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of early post-operative complications and time to initiation of adjuvant treatment in patients undergoing IBR between prepectoral and subpectoral implant placement without ADM for the two surgical procedure.
METHODS: We retrospectively retrieved data of patients who underwent IBR with prepectoral versus subpectoral implant placement between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022 in a large cancer center in France.
RESULTS: We included 192 patients: 119 in the prepectoral and 73 in the subpectoral group. Their clinical characteristics were similar. Thirty patients (15.6%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, among them 27 (14.1%) received it within 12 weeks, and there was no difference between the groups (p = 0.12). In the prepectoral group, 39 patients (32.8%) received adjuvant radiotherapy versus 5 (6.8%) in the subpectoral group (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in time to treatment commencement. Overall, 35 patients (29.4%) in the prepectoral group and 17 (23.3%) in the subpectoral group experienced post-operative complications (p = 0.44). Using multivariable analysis, the only factor associated with post-operative complications was determined to be mastectomy weight (odds ratio 1.98 (1.10-3.59) for weight ≥500 g; p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS: Prepectoral implant placement without ADM can be proposed to patients undergoing IBR with an indication for adjuvant treatment. However, in our study, the reoperation rate with this technique was slightly higher (p = 0.008). This is partly due to the learning curve for surgeons using this new technique.

Poultry meat-production is increasing worldwide; leading to the selection of chickens for meat-production that show a fast growth. A label-free quantitative proteomic-approach and Western-blot were applied to investigate the dynamics of muscle protein under rapid growth conditions in two common fast-growing broiler genetic-lines (Ross 508 and AZ Extra Heavy Red-chicken). Muscle exudate from chicken Pectoralis major was used as substrate to unveil the proteome of these genetic-lines. Six-hundred forty-five proteins were identified in total from all samples, and after statistical-analysis 172 proteins were found to be differentially-expressed, clearly distinguishing the two chicken genetic-lines. Several of these differentially-expressed proteins were involved with the proteasome and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis-pathways. Changes in meat-quality traits were also observed, which were reflected in the proteomic-profile. Proteins involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system were associated with the bigger muscle mass of Ross 508, while phosphoglucomutase 1 was associated with a possible higher capability of AZ Extra Heavy Red-chickens to cope with stressors. This pilot proteomic-approach applied on muscle exudate samples provided key evidence about the pathways and processes underlying these two chicken genetic-lines and their meat-quality parameters. We also identified potential biomarkers that could determine the peculiar production potentials (e.g. breast-growth) of these broilers-lines, which arise from differences in their genetic-backgrounds.

UNASSIGNED: Although dual-plane subpectoral breast reconstruction has been widely implemented in implant-based breast reconstruction, animation deformities remain an issue. Recent advances in skin flap circulation detection have increased the use of prepectoral reconstruction. A partial muscle-splitting subpectoral plane was introduced to decrease the visibility of the implant edge. However, there is yet to be a direct comparison of these methods for optimal results, including changes in implant position after reconstruction. This study aims to compare the incidence of complications such as rippling, animation deformity, implant upward migration between the dual-plane, the partial muscle splitting subpectoral and the prepectoral reconstruction group. In addition, multivariate analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors of complications.
UNASSIGNED: We retrospectively investigated 349 patients who underwent unilateral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction from January 2017 to October 2020. Implants were inserted into the dual-plane subpectoral (P2) or partial muscle-splitting subpectoral (P1, the muscle slightly covering the upper edge of the implant) or the prepectoral pocket (P0). Postoperative outcomes and at least 2 years of follow-up complications were compared.
UNASSIGNED: There was no significant difference in rippling (P=0.62) or visible implant edges on the upper pole (P=0.62) among the three groups. In contrast, the P0 group had a lower incidence of seroma (P=0.008), animation deformity (P<0.001), breast pain (P=0.002), and upward implant migration (P0: 1.09%, P1: 4.68%, P2: 38.37%, P<0.001). According to the multivariate analysis, P2 resulted in a greater risk of seroma (odds ratio: 4.223, P=0.002) and implant upward migration (odds ratio: 74.292, P<0.001) than did P0.
UNASSIGNED: P0 and P1 showed better postoperative outcomes than P2. Additionally, P0 had less implant migration than P1. Even though P1 minimally dissects the muscle, the location of the implant may change. Considering that muscle contraction can deteriorate symmetry and aesthetic results, the P0 method may be the most favorable.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the effectiveness of endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants.
UNASSIGNED: The clinical data of 138 female patients with breast cancer who met the selection criteria between April 2019 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 43.8 years (range, 27-61 years). The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.00 to 7.10 cm, with an average of 2.70 cm. Pathological examination showed that 108 cases were positive for both estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and 40 cases were positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. All patients underwent endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, prosthesis size, and occurences of nipple-areola complex (NAC) ischemia, flap ischemia, infection, and capsular contracture were recorded. The Breast-Q2.0 score was used to evaluate breast aesthetics, patient satisfaction, and quality of life (including the social mental health score, breast satisfaction score, and chest pain score). Patients were divided into two groups based on the time of operation after the technique was implemented: group A (within 1 year, 25 cases) and group B (after 1 year, 113 cases). The above outcome indicators were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, based on the postoperative follow-up duration, patients were classified into a short-term group (follow-up time was less than 1 year) and a long-term group (follow-up time was more than 1 year). The baseline data and postoperative Breast-Q2.0 scores were compared between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: The average operation time was 120.76 minutes, the average intraoperative blood loss was 23.77 mL, and the average prosthesis size was 218.37 mL. Postoperative NAC ischemia occurred in 21 cases (15.22%), flap ischemia in 30 cases (21.74%), infection in 23 cases (16.67%), capsular contracture in 33 cases (23.91%), and prosthesis removal in 2 cases (1.45%). The operation time of group A was significantly longer than that of group B ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, prosthesis size, and related complications between the two groups ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 3-48 months (mean, 20 months). There were 33 cases in the short-term group and 105 cases in the long-term group. There was no significant difference in baseline data such as age, body mass index, number of menopause cases, number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases, number of axillary lymph node dissection cases, breast cup size, degree of breast ptosis, and postoperative radiotherapy constituent ratio between the two groups ( P>0.05). At last follow-up, the breast satisfaction score in the patients\' Breast-Q2.0 score ranged from 33 to 100, with an average of 60.9; the social mental health score ranged from 38 to 100, with an average of 71.3; the chest pain score ranged from 20 to 80, with an average of 47.3. The social mental health score of the long-term group was significantly higher than that of the short-term group ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference in breast satisfaction scores and chest pain scores between the two groups ( P>0.05). No patient died during the follow-up, and 2 patients relapsed at 649 days and 689 days postoperatively, respectively. The recurrence-free survival rate was 98.62%.
UNASSIGNED: Endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants has fewer complications and less damage, and the aesthetic effect of reconstructed breast is better.
UNASSIGNED: 探讨腔镜下乳腺癌根治术并全胸肌后乳房植入物重建的临床效果。.
UNASSIGNED: 回顾分析2019年4月—2023年12月收治且符合选择标准的138例女性乳腺癌患者临床资料。患者年龄27～61岁，平均43.8岁；肿瘤最长径1.00～7.10 cm，平均2.70 cm。病理学检查示雌激素受体阳性108例，孕激素受体阳性108例，人表皮生长因子受体2阳性40例。均行腔镜下乳腺癌根治术并全胸肌后乳房重建手术治疗。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、假体大小，以及乳头乳晕复合体（nipple-areola complex，NAC）缺血、皮瓣缺血、感染及包膜挛缩等情况；使用Breast-Q2.0评分量表行乳房美学、满意度及生活质量评估（包括乳房满意度评分、社会心理健康评分和胸部疼痛评分）。根据该技术开展后实施手术的时间，将患者分为第1年内手术组（A组25例）和1年后手术组（B组113例），比较两组上述结局指标；根据术后随访时间将患者分为短期组（随访时间<1年）和长期组（随访时间≥1年），比较两组基线资料及术后Breast-Q2.0评分。.
UNASSIGNED: 患者手术时间平均120.76 min，术中出血量平均23.77 mL，假体大小平均218.37 mL。术后发生NAC缺血21例（15.22%），皮瓣缺血30例（21.74%），感染23例（16.67%），包膜挛缩33例（23.91%），假体取出2例（1.45%）。除A组手术时间显著长于B组（ P<0.05）外，两组术中出血量、假体大小及相关并发症发生情况比较差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。所有患者均获随访，随访时间3～48个月，平均20个月；其中短期组33 例，长期组105 例，两组患者年龄、身体质量指数、绝经例数、新辅助化疗例数、腋窝淋巴结清扫例数、乳房罩杯、乳房下垂程度及术后放疗构成比等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。末次随访时，患者Breast-Q2.0评分中乳房满意度评分为33～100分，平均60.9分；社会心理健康评分为38～100分，平均71.3分；胸部疼痛评分为20～80分，平均47.3分。其中长期组患者社会心理健康评分高于短期组（ P<0.05）；两组乳房满意度评分及胸部疼痛评分比较差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。随访期间无患者死亡，2例患者分别于术后649 d和689 d复发；无复发生存率为98.62%。.
UNASSIGNED: 腔镜下乳腺癌根治术并全胸肌后乳房植入物重建术损伤小、术后并发症少，重建后的乳房美学效果较好。.

UNASSIGNED: To discuss the effectiveness of breast reconstruction with dual plane prosthesis implantation or anterior pectoralis prosthesis implantation under endoscopy by using prospective comparative study, in order to provide a reference for clinical surgical selection.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 54 female patients with breast cancer admitted between January 2023 and December 2023 and met the selection criteria were selected as research subjects. According to the random number table, 54 patients were divided into trial group and control group with 27 cases in each. The patients in the trial group and control group were treated with dual plane prosthesis implantation and anterior pectoralis prosthesis implantation for breast reconstruction after glandular resection under endoscopy, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05) in the terms of age, body mass index, affected side, breast clinical stages, molecular typing, disease duration, breast volume of healthy side, breast ptosis of affected side, and preoperative Breast-Q score (social mental health, sexual health, breast satisfaction, chest somatic health). The operation-related indicators (operation time, total volume of drainage within 7 days after operation, extubation time, and hospital stay), occurrence of complications, breast reconstruction efficacy related indicators (transverse and longitudinal distance difference), and the pre- and post-operative differences (change values) of Breast-Q scores for each item were compared between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: There was no significant difference in operation time, total volume of drainage within 7 days after operation, extubation time, and hospital stay between the two groups ( P>0.05). All patients of the two groups were followed up 3-12 months (mean, 6.3 months). Three patients (11.11%) in trial group and 5 patients (18.52%) in control group experienced complications, and there was no significant difference in the occurrence of complications ( P>0.05). At 7 days after operation, the transverse and longitudinal distance differences were significantly less in trial group than in control group ( P<0.05). The Breast-Q scores of the two groups at 7 days after operation were significantly higher in all items than those before operation ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in all change values between the two groups ( P>0.05).
UNASSIGNED: For patients with breast cancer, comparison of breast reconstruction with anterior pectoralis prosthesis implantation, breast reconstruction with dual plane prosthesis implantation has better breast reconstruction effectiveness and higher safety.
UNASSIGNED: 采用前瞻性对比研究，探讨腔镜下双平面假体植入与胸肌前假体植入乳房重建的疗效差异，以期为临床术式选择提供参考。.
UNASSIGNED: 以2023年1月—12月收治的乳腺癌患者为研究对象，其中54例女性患者符合选择标准纳入研究，采用随机数字表法均分为试验组及对照组（ n=27），腔镜下腺体切除后分别采用双平面假体植入、胸肌前假体植入重建乳房。两组患者年龄、身体质量指数、侧别、乳腺癌临床分期、分子分型、病程、健侧乳房体积、患侧乳房下垂度及术前Breast-Q 评分（社会心理健康、性健康、乳房满意度、胸部躯体健康）等基线资料比较，差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。比较两组手术相关指标（手术时间、术后7 d内总引流量、拔管时间和住院时间）、并发症发生情况、乳房重建疗效相关指标（乳头横、纵向距离差），以及Breast-Q 评分各项目手术前后差值（变化值）。.
UNASSIGNED: 两组手术时间、术后7 d内总引流量、拔管时间和住院时间差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。两组患者均获随访，随访时间3～12个月，平均6.3个月。试验组3例（11.11%）、对照组5例（18.52%）发生相关并发症，并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。术后7 d，试验组乳头横、纵向距离差均小于对照组（ P<0.05）；两组Breast-Q 评分各项目均高于术前（ P<0.05），但组间各项目变化值差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。.
UNASSIGNED: 对于乳腺癌患者，与胸肌前假体植入重建乳房相比，腔镜下双平面假体植入乳房重建效果较好，安全性较高。.

Different rearing systems have varying effect on animal welfare and meat quality of poultry. Currently, there are no established standards for the rearing systems of Chinese indigenous chickens. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of different rearing systems on the meat quality, gene profiles, and metabolites of Chinese indigenous chickens (Nanchuan chicken). 10-wk-old Nanchuan chickens (n=360) were randomly divided into 3 groups (cage, net, and free-range groups), with 6 replicates per group (20 chickens per replicate). The experiment lasted for 12 wk. At 154-days-old, 36 healthy chickens (6 males and 6 females per group) were randomly selected, euthanized, and their breast muscles were collected to assess the meat quality parameters and histomorphological characteristics. Additionally, breast muscles from 18 random hens (3 males and 3 females per group) were used for metabolomics and RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that rearing systems significantly affected the meat quality and myofiber characteristics. The meat quality of breast muscles from free-range chickens was superior to that of caged chickens, characterized by more tender meat and smaller myofiber cross-sectional areas. Integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes of chicken breast muscles were primarily involved in the myofiber differentiation. Mechanically, the improved meat quality of breast muscle in free-range chickens were mainly associated with enhanced skeletal muscle differentiation facilitated by fibromodulin, increased levels of up-regulated Acetyl-L-carnitine and Propionylcarnitine level, and decreased levels of Nonanoic acid and Elaidic acid abundance (Graphical abstract). This provides a comprehensive understanding of the most effective and sustainable breeding, production, and rearing systems for Chinese indigenous chickens. It also contributes to the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of rearing systems on growth performance and meat quality of chickens.