OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine family caregivers\' level of knowledge on pressure injury (PI) prevention.
METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional and descriptive design. Data were collected between February and May 2023. The population of the study consisted of family caregivers providing care to patients who were at risk of developing pressure injuries and who were planned to be discharged from the inpatient wards of the hospital. A total of 105 family caregivers participated in the study.
RESULTS: Of all the patients, 61.9 % (n = 65) were female and their average age was 68.96 years (SD = 18.07). While 30.48 % (n = 32) of the patients were bedridden due to Cerebrovascular Accident, 28.57 % (n = 30) were bedridden due to old age, and 28.57 % (n = 30) had PI. Of all the caregivers, 71.43 % (n = 75) were female, and their average age was 47.11 years (SD = 14.85). While 97.14 % (n = 96) of the caregivers had not received any training on PI before, 90.48 % (n = 95) had not provided care to a patient with PI before. Family caregivers scored an average of 22.25 (SD = 6.96) points out of 40 on the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge Test (PIPKT). A significant difference was detected between the knowledge test scores and education level and income level (P = 0.006; P = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS: Family caregivers were found to need information about PI prevention. It is recommended to develop content on PI prevention in the guidelines for family caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of informing patient relatives by short message on the level of anxiety and satisfaction during orthopedic surgery.
Randomized controlled trial.
The study was conducted with 112 relatives of patients who underwent orthopedic surgery in a state hospital between November 2017 and December 2017. The relatives of the patients were assigned randomly to the experimental and control groups. An Introductory Information Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Satisfaction Questionnaire were used as the data collection tools. Data were obtained by interviewing the patients\' relatives face-to-face and the relatives\' self-report.
The state anxiety post-test scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than the scores in the control group (P < 0.001). The mean satisfaction score in the experimental group was 9.50 ± 1.43.
The anxiety level of the relatives who were informed by short messages during orthopedic surgery significantly decreased , and the individuals were satisfied with this service.

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and needs of family caregivers of stroke patients who require physical restraints. The themes and sub-themes that emerged included \"the reason for the use of PR\" (disruptive behaviors of the patient and personal reasons of caregivers), \"the turmoil of having to use PR\" (inevitableness, comparing benefits and harms, the emotional effect of PR, and physical effects), and \"unmet needs and suggestions\" (unmeet needs and suggestions). Nurses should take the experiences of patient relatives into account in the process of PR application, organize training programs, and determine application standards for PR.

The study sample consists of participants as the patient, patient relatives, and nurse. In our study, a significant relationship was found between the ages of patients, and fear of death, avoidance of death, accepting approach, non-acceptance, and the DAP-R scale total score. A positive moderate correlation was found between the fear of death and death avoidance among my nurses who participated in the study. The nurse, the patient, and patient relatives had a good perception of death and had a higher attitude toward death. Additionally, that found to nurses\' fear of death and death avoidance behavior are higher than patients and their relatives.

In hospitals, the places where the highest rate of violence is perpetrated are emergency departments (EDs). Evaluating patient relatives\' perceptions of violence and obtaining their views about how to prevent violence incidents are important in terms of uncovering the factors that increase violent behaviors. This study was aimed at determining the factors increasing violence in the emergency department (ED) from the perspectives of patient relatives.
The sample of this study consisted of 520 individuals who brought a relative to the Adult ED of Akdeniz University Hospital in Turkey between April 2017 and June 2017. Data was collected using a two-part questionnaire prepared by the researcher. The first part consists of 15 items questioning the demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part consists of 20 statements asked the participants to rate the reasons urged patients or their relatives to perpetrate violence in the emergency department. Numbers and percentage calculations were used to evaluate the data.
Of the participants, 55.6% were men and 54.7% were married. According to the participants\' statements, of the relatives of the 520 patients, 141 (27.1%) witnessed verbal violence against emergency department staff, 76 (14.6%) witnessed physical violence against emergency department staff, 9 (1.7%) witnessed verbal threat against emergency department staff, especially against nurses. According to the participants, the primary factor causing people to perpetrate violence at EDs was that patients or their relatives were not adequately informed about the patient\'s condition. More than 40% of patients\' relatives said that anxiety and nervousness arising from being a patient\'s relative, and stress and sadness they suffered were among the leading factors causing people to perpetrate violent incidents.
In order to prevent and decrease incidents of violence in the emergency departments, healthcare systems should be reviewed and revised. Our study revealed that informing patients and their relatives about the patient\'s condition and empathic approaches displayed by healthcare employees towards patients reduced the number of incidents of violence. Unlike other studies, this study addresses the negative experiences of patients\' relatives in the emergency department and the factors influencing these experiences. Obtaining the opinions of the patients\' relatives about possible solutions to the violent events in the ED makes this study unique.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of autoantibodies (Aab) to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) and insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A), as well as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, in first degree relatives (FDR) of Mexican patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to explore whether these parameters mirror the low incidence of T1D in the Mexican population.
METHODS: Aab titers were determined by ELISA in 425 FDR, 234 siblings, 40 offspring and 151 parents of 197 patients with T1D. Typing of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles was performed in 41 Aab-positive FDR using polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific oligotyping.
RESULTS: Seventy FDR (16.47%) tested positive for Aab. The siblings (19.2%) and the offspring (25%) had significantly higher prevalence of Aab than the parents (9.9%). GADA was the most frequent Aab. Almost half of the Aab-positive FDR had two different Aab (45.7%), and none tested positive for three Aab. The highest prevalence of Aab was found among women in the 15-29 years age group. Moreover, the positivity for two Aab was significantly more frequent among females. A considerable number of FDR (48.8%) carried the susceptible HLA-DR3, -DR4, -DQB1*0201 or -DQB1*0302 alleles, but almost none had the high risk genotype HLA-DR3/DR4.
CONCLUSIONS: FDR of Mexican T1D patients have high prevalence of islet Aab, comparable to countries with the highest incidence of T1D. However, Aab positivity does not seem to be associated with HLA risk genotypes, which may have an impact on the low incidence of T1D in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assess the perception of nurses, patients and their relatives regarding the nature of workplace violence against nurses.
BACKGROUND: Workplace violence adversely affects the health, well-being and safety of nurses and the quality of nursing care.
METHODS: In the present descriptive comparative study, the nature of violence was assessed using a modified and validated International Labor Office, the International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, and Public Services International Questionnaire.
RESULTS: Nurses, patients and relatives reported verbal abuse as the most common and sexual violence as the least common type of violence against nurses. Nurses mostly blamed factors associated with patients and their relatives as the cause of violence, whereas patients and their relatives blamed social factors.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that violence is significantly prevalent in clinical settings, but its nature is differently perceived by nurses, patients and their relatives. This phenomenon requires further studies because knowledge of the causes of this difference could help to reduce and control violence.
CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary that nursing managers inform nurses about protocols for reporting all such cases in order to collect information, and based on a clear procedure, actively pursue reported cases and take the necessary measures to prevent violence against nurses.

In the complex environment of intensive care units, needs of patients\' relatives might be seen as the lowest priority. On the other hand, because of their patients\' critical and often uncertain conditions, stress levels of relatives are quite high. This study aims to adapt the Critical Care Family Need Inventory, which assesses the needs of patients\' relatives, for use with the Turkish-speaking population and to assess psychometric properties of the resulting inventory. The study was conducted in a state hospital with the participation of 191 critical care patient relatives. Content validity was assessed by expert opinions, and construct validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency. The translated inventory has a content validity ratio higher than the minimum acceptable level. Its construct validity was established by the EFA. Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.93 and higher than 0.80 for subscales, thus demonstrating the translated version\'s reliability. The Turkish adaptation appropriately reflects all dimensions of needs in the original CCFNI, and its psychometric properties were acceptable. The revised tool could be useful for helping critical care healthcare workers provide services in a holistic approach and for policymakers to improve quality of service.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their relatives as caregivers during the treatment period, and the effects on treatment success were evaluated.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged 65 years and older and their relatives as caregivers was carried out. The questionnaire given to the participants consisted of three sections: the first section included questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics; the second section included questions on patient treatment, habits of drug use, lifestyle changes such as dietary habits; and the third section included anthropometric measurements and laboratory evaluations. The questionnaire given to the patients\' relatives as caregivers consisted of questions regarding their sociodemographic characteristics and information regarding the patient.
RESULTS: The present study consisted of 115 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their relatives as caregivers. The average duration of diabetes was 12.14 ± 6.74 years. Body mass index was 30.2 ± 4.2 kg/m(2) , average hemoglobin A1c level was 7.09 ± 0.64%, and 40.1% of the patients lived with their partners only. As the frequency of physical exercise increased, hemoglobin A1c levels decreased to <7.5% (P < 0.05).The patients whose caregivers were college-educated or equivalent had a significantly low body mass index (P < 0.05). Patients who lived with their partners showed a significant correlation with lower hemoglobin A1c levels (<7.5%; P = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve diabetic conditions in the elderly and to overcome obstacles to disease management, maximizing the cooperative efforts between the patients and their caregivers is necessary.