结论:利用RNAi,miRNA,siRNAlncRNA和利用基因分型特征可以帮助保护食物供应免受疾病和害虫对芸苔的损害,以及减少植物病原体和害虫造成的产量损失。在自然环境中,植物面临生物胁迫形式的重大挑战,由于各种生物,导致生物胁迫和作物产量急剧下降。为了应对这些影响,植物已经进化出专门的机制来缓解这些挑战。植物胁迫耐受性和抗性受与各种胁迫相关信号通路组分相互作用的胁迫应答病原体相关基因的影响。植物采用不同的策略和机制来对抗生物胁迫,涉及与特定顺式元件相互作用以调节基因表达的复杂转录因子网络。了解植物发育和致病抗病性机制可以使我们发展耐逆性和抗性作物。芸苔属包括商业上重要的作物,例如,西兰花,卷心菜,卷心菜花椰菜,羽衣甘蓝,和油菜籽,全世界种植,有几个应用程序,例如,石油生产,消费,调味品,Fodder,以及药用的。的确,2020年,全球蔬菜芸苔属产量达到9640万吨,比前十年增长10.6%。考虑到它们的商业重要性,加上病原体对芸苔属植物生产力的影响,产量损失高达60%,这项工作符合真菌引起的主要疾病,细菌,病毒,和芸苔属物种中的昆虫。审查分为三个部分。在第一部分,概述了影响芸苔属物种的各种病原体,包括真菌,细菌,病毒,和昆虫。第二部分探讨了芸苔属植物对抗这些病原体的防御机制,包括次生代谢产物。重复的基因,RNA干扰(RNAi),miRNA(micro-RNA),siRNA(小干扰RNA),和lncRNA(长链非编码RNA)。最后一部分全面概述了CRISPR/Cas9技术在提高作物质量方面的当前应用。集体采取,这篇综述将有助于我们加深对这些机制及其在芸苔属植物抗性发展中的作用的理解,从而支持保护这种关键作物的策略。
CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing RNAi, miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA and exploiting genotyping traits can help safeguard the food supply from illnesses and pest damage to Brassicas, as well as reduce yield losses caused by plant pathogens and insect pests. In the natural environment, plants face significant challenges in the form of biotic stress, due to various living organisms, leading to biological stress and a sharp decline in crop yields. To cope with these effects, plants have evolved specialized mechanisms to mitigate these challenges. Plant stress tolerance and resistance are influenced by genes associated with stress-responsive pathogens that interact with various stress-related signaling pathway components. Plants employ diverse strategies and mechanisms to combat biological stress, involving a complex network of transcription factors that interact with specific cis-elements to regulate gene expression. Understanding both plant developmental and pathogenic disease resistance mechanisms can allow us to develop stress-tolerant and -resistant crops. Brassica genus includes commercially important crops, e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and rapeseed, cultivated worldwide, with several applications, e.g., oil production, consumption, condiments, fodder, as well as medicinal ones. Indeed, in 2020, global production of vegetable Brassica reached 96.4 million tones, a 10.6% rise from the previous decade. Taking into account their commercial importance, coupled to the impact that pathogens can have in Brassica productivity, yield losses up to 60%, this work complies the major diseases caused due to fungal, bacterial, viral, and insects in Brassica species. The review is structured into three parts. In the first part, an overview is provided of the various pathogens affecting Brassica species, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. The second part delves into the exploration of defense mechanisms that Brassica plants encounter against these pathogens including secondary metabolites, duplicated genes, RNA interference (RNAi), miRNA (micro-RNA), siRNA (small interfering RNA), and lncRNA (long non-coding RNA). The final part comprehensively outlines the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology aimed at enhancing crop quality. Taken collectively, this review will contribute to our enhanced understanding of these mechanisms and their role in the development of resistance in Brassica plants, thus supporting strategies to protect this crucial crop.