微塑料(MP)和有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPFRs)最近已成为海洋中普遍存在和累积的污染物。由于OPFRs作为添加剂添加到或吸附到MPs上,有必要研究OPFRs和MPs的复合污染,对生物基PLA的关注较少。因此,这项研究的重点是可生物降解的MP聚乳酸(PLA)的生态毒性(5μm,不规则碎片,102和106个粒子/L),和代表性的OPFRs三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCPP,0.5和50μg/L)在环境和高浓度下。贻贝Mytiluscoruscus被用作暴露实验的标准化生物指示剂。重点是检查氧化应激(过氧化氢酶,CAT,超氧化物歧化酶,SOD,丙二醛,MDA),免疫反应酸(磷酸酶,ACP,碱性磷酸酶,AKP,溶菌酶,LZM),神经毒性(乙酰胆碱酯酶,AChE),能量代谢(乳酸脱氢酶,LDH,琥珀酸脱氢酶,SDH,己糖激酶,香港),和生理指标(吸收效率,AE,排泄率,ER,呼吸频率,RR,条件指数,CI)暴露14天后。结果显著增加的氧化应激和免疫反应,和显著扰乱能量代谢和生理活动,结合综合生物标志物反应(IBR)分析,表明生物基PLAMPs和TCPP可能对贻贝产生不利影响。同时,TCPP与PLA相互作用显著,特别是在环境浓度下,对氧化和免疫应激产生更严重的负面影响,和神经毒性。环境浓度下更严重的不利影响表明PLA的生态风险更高,TCPP及其在真实海洋环境中的组合。我们的研究提供了关于生物基MPPLA复杂效应的可靠数据,TCPP及其对海洋生物和环境的组合。
Microplastics (MPs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have recently become ubiquitous and cumulative pollutants in the oceans. Since OPFRs are added to or adsorbed onto MPs as additives, it is necessary to study the composite contamination of OPFRs and MPs, with less focus on bio-based
PLA. Therefore, this study focused on the ecotoxicity of the biodegradable MP polylactic acid (
PLA) (5 μm, irregular fragments, 102 and 106 particles/L), and a representative OPFRs tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP, 0.5 and 50 μg/L) at environmental and high concentrations. The mussel Mytilus coruscus was used as a standardised bioindicator for exposure experiments. The focus was on examining oxidative stress (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, malondialdehyde, MDA), immune responses acid (phosphatase, ACP, alkaline phosphatase, AKP, lysozyme, LZM), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, succinate dehydrogenase, SDH, hexokinase, HK), and physiological indices (absorption efficiency, AE, excretion rate, ER, respiration rate, RR, condition index, CI) after 14 days exposure. The results of significantly increased oxidative stress and immune responses, and significantly disturbed energy metabolism and physiological activities, together with an integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis, indicate that bio-based
PLA MPs and TCPP could cause adverse effects on mussels. Meanwhile, TCPP interacted significantly with PLA, especially at environmental concentrations, resulting in more severe negative impacts on oxidative and immune stress, and neurotoxicity. The more severe adverse effects at environmental concentrations indicate higher ecological risks of
PLA, TCPP and their combination in the real marine environment. Our study presents reliable data on the complex effects of bio-based MP
PLA, TCPP and their combination on marine organisms and the environment.