UNASSIGNED: The current study\'s objective was to find out the prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 13- to 15-year-old school students in the Mehsana District of Gujarat using the IOTN.
UNASSIGNED: A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey was planned among 13- to 15-year-old school-going children of Mehsana district. The sample comprised of 1290 school children. DHC-IOTN was applied to evaluate normative need for orthodontic treatment. Perceived orthodontic treatment was described by the Aesthetic component of the IOTN index.
UNASSIGNED: Results showed that 33.7 percent of participants required little/no treatment need, 43.9 percent of participants required moderate orthodontic treatment need, and 22.4 percent of participants required severe orthodontic treatment need in the district.
UNASSIGNED: To prepare for public orthodontic and dental services, the current study provides baseline data on the need for orthodontic treatment among school-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Patients experiencing any malocclusion, may desire for treatment. However, there is no scientific information orthodontic treatment demand and the knowledge of young adults about orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to assess orthodontic treatment demand in young adults from Poland and Chile, their previous orthodontic experience and their knowledge on fixed and aligner orthodontic treatment.
METHODS: The target group comprised people aged 18-30. The sample size was estimated as above 400 for each country. The survey was carried out in Polish and Spanish within 3 months and consisted of 25 questions delivered via social media. Comparisons were made between countries, age subgroups and gender.
RESULTS: The response rate was 1,99%, what stands for 1092 responses, 670 from Chile and 422 from Poland, respectively. The percentage of young adults who were already treated was 42,9% in Poland and 25,0% in Chile. The ones planning to have orthodontic treatment within a year counted for 11,8% in Poland and 5,3% in Chile. Most young adults who want to be treated (20,6%) rely on doctor\'s recommendation on type of appliance while 14,7% of all respondents are interested solely in aligners. Most respondents have heard about aligners (58%). Direct provider-to-customer service without a doctor is not acceptable, neither in Poland (85,1%) nor in Chile (64,8%). Most young adults provided incorrect answers referring various aspects of aligner treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: In both countries, patients demand to be treated and monitored by the orthodontist. A high percentage of patients want to be treated exclusively with aligners. Direct-to-consumer orthodontics does not seem attractive to patients. Young adults do not have adequate knowledge referring to aligner treatment. Many people want to be treated despite a previous orthodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the need for orthodontic treatment and OHRQoL in children and adolescents, and to identify potential modifying factors of this relationship.
METHODS: Systematic review, starting with searches of PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO Discovery Service. Observational studies which examined the relationship between the need for orthodontic treatment and OHRQoL, in children and adolescents, were considered eligible.
RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included, of which, one was a prospective cohort study and 17 were cross-sectional. Twelve of 18 studies reported a relationship between the need for orthodontic treatment and OHRQoL, while the remainder failed to demonstrate a clear relationship. Gender and self-esteem were found to modify this relationship.
CONCLUSIONS: Need for orthodontic treatment is associated with OHRQoL in children and adolescents. Gender and self-esteem are potential effect modifiers of this relationship.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to comprehensively analyze the existing information on the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition stage among populations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. For observational studies in GCC countries, the key terms were electronically searched in Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Reviews, Google Scholar, and Sage databases (1990-2021). The bias risk for the selected studies was evaluated using the modified Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Thirteen studies reported on the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs among 33,134 children in GCC countries in permanent dentition with an age range of 11-19 years satisfied the inclusion criteria. Out of the 13 studies, 9 reported on the prevalence of malocclusion, 11 reported on the prevalence of occlusal traits, and 12 reported on the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs as per the Dental Health Component (DHC) of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), 4 reported as per both DHC and Aesthetic Component (AC) of IOTN, and 1 reported as per only AC of IOTN. Meta-analysis of the included studies indicated that the pooled malocclusion prevalence rate was 10.60% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 0.093-0.076) with 8.58% Class I (CI 95%: 0.074-0.188), 2.09% Class II (CI 95%: 0.014-0.058), and 0.93% Class III (CI 95%: 0.005-0.018) malocclusions. The most prevalent type of occlusal trait was spacing (13.10%, CI 95%: 0.018-0.169), followed by crowding (4.96%, CI 95%: 0.017-0.091). The pooled prevalence of borderline and definite needs for orthodontic treatment based on DHC and AC of IOTN was 0.82% (CI 95%: 0.014-0.035), 1.13% (CI 95%: 0.011-0.091), 4.08% (CI 95%: 0.009-0.114), and 2.06% (CI 95%: 0.002-0.048), respectively. The findings were heterogeneous (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs was not high in the GCC population.

Background Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) in children and its role in health has received renewed interest in the recent past. Malocclusion is one of the most common multifactorial craniofacial disturbances widely prevalent in children. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association of SDB with developing malocclusion in six to 12-year-old children and the effect of modifiers like age, gender, and tonsillar enlargement. Materials and method One hundred and seventy-seven children aged six to 12 years were assessed for developing malocclusion using Angle classification and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) comprising of 5 grades. Their parents were administered a pre-validated Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) for assessing SDB, by a single, calibrated examiner. The primary outcomes were SDB score, Angle class of malocclusion, and IOTN grade, assessed as categorical variables. The modifying variables assessed were age, gender, and tonsillar enlargement (Brodsky\'s criteria). The data were subject to statistical analysis using Fischer\'s test and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated. The modifiers were assessed using logistic regression. Results The prevalence of SDB was 69%. SDB has significantly associated with angle class II and class III malocclusion (x2 = 9.475, p < 0.05 OR=3.79) and with higher IOTN grades (x2 = 109.799, p < 0.05, OR=53.64). Logistic regression revealed that gender and tonsillar enlargement had a significant modifying effect (p<0.05). Conclusion SDB had a significant association with developing malocclusion, the odds being higher in angle class II and III malocclusions and higher IOTN grades. Clinical relevance Both SDB and developing malocclusion are quite commonly seen in children, though the relation between the two has not been adequately explored. This study shows that they are strongly associated with each other and one could act as a marker for the other.

BACKGROUND: The most common chromosomal anomaly is Down syndrome/Trisomy 21, which can be associated with varying degrees of intellectual disability and physical malformation. Specific orofacial characteristics regarding orthodontic treatment options and features are described on the basis of a patient collective from the Witten/Herdecke University, Germany.
METHODS: Data of 20 patients (14 boys and 6 girls, mean age: 11.69 ± 3.94 years) who underwent orthodontic treatment between July 2011 and May 2022 were analyzed. Baseline skeletal and dental conditions were assessed, as well as the presence of hypodontia, displacements, and treatment-related root resorptions. The treatment need was evaluated based on the main findings according to the German KIG classification. In addition, treatment success was determined in relation to patient compliance.
RESULTS: The patient group was characterized predominantly by a class III relationship (ΔANB: -2.07 ± 3.90°; ΔWITS: -3.91 ± 4.33 mm) and a brachyfacial cranial configuration (ΔML-NL: -4.38 ± 7.05°, ΔArGoMe: - 8.45 ± 10.06°). The transversal discrepancy of the dental arch width from maxilla to mandible was -0.91 ± 3.44 mm anteriorly and -4.4 ± 4.12 mm posteriorly. Considering the orthodontic indication groups, the most frequent initial finding and treatment indication represented hypodontia (85%), followed by frontal (75%) and unilateral lateral (35%) crossbite. In 55% of the cases, the teeth had a regular shape, but in 35% a generalized and in 15% an isolated hypoplasia. Only 25% of the patients could be treated with a fixed multiband appliance due to sufficient cooperation. In each of these patients, varying degrees of root resorptions were detected during treatment, and 45% of all treatments had to be terminated prematurely due to a lack of cooperation by patients or parents.
CONCLUSIONS: The extent of dental and skeletal malformations and the high rate of findings requiring treatment in patients with Down syndrome represent a significant indication for orthodontic therapy, which can be well illustrated by the KIG classification. However, this is in contrast to the eventually increased risk of root resorption, with significantly reduced patient cooperation. A compromised treatment outcome and process must be expected. Consequently, the orthodontic treatment must be simple and realistic to achieve fast and therapeutically satisfactory treatment result.

Patients suffering from hemoglobinopathies may suffer from pathogic dental and orofacial features. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) and sickle cell disease (SCD). The study was conducted on 311 blood transfusion-dependent patients with BTM or SCD and 400 healthy individuals aged 10 to 16. The types of malocclusion were evaluated based on Angle\'s classification and Dewey\'s modification, and their oral habits were recorded using a questionnaire. The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed through the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and the data were compared with normal participants. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need-Dental Health Component (IOTN-DHC) assessment showed that patients had a higher prevalence of objective need for treatment (IOTN grades 4 and 5) compared to healthy children. The prevalence of class II malocclusion was significantly higher in patients. Patients showed significantly less Angle\'s Class I malocclusion compared to normal participants. Oral habits were presented in 61%, 64.15% and 62.4% of normal participants, BTM and SCD patients, respectively. The higher prevalence of Angle\'s class II malocclusion and higher percentage of IOTN grade 4 and 5 among BTM and SCD patients reveal the importance of early orthodontic assessment and intervention in children with BMT and SDC.

This study investigated the need for orthodontic treatment in asthmatic children aged 11 to 14 years and how the treatment affected their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the dental clinic of the University of Salamanca in 2020-2022. The study selected a consecutive sample of 140 children with asthma (52.1% girls; 47.9% boys). This study used the Orthodontic Treatment Needs Index (OTN) to analyze the need for orthodontic treatment and the Children\'s Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) to assess OHRQoL.
RESULTS: Sex and age did not significantly influence the need for orthodontic treatment, although age may be considered influential for OHRQoL concerning oral symptoms (p < 0.01), functional limitations (p < 0.05), and total score on the CPQ11-14 questionnaire (p < 0.05): the younger the age, the greater the effect of the need for orthodontic treatment on OHRQoL. The social well-being of the patients was much more significantly impacted by the need for orthodontic treatment (15.7 ± 1.91) than by oral symptoms (7.64 ± 1.39), which were the least impacted. In all parts of the CPQ11-14 questionnaire and in the patients\' total scores, we observed significant agreement (p < 0.01) that treatment influenced OHRQoL.
CONCLUSIONS: An inverse relationship exists between the severity of the treatment needed and OHRQoL.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the malocclusion indices KIG (Kieferorthopädische Indikationsgruppen, Orthodontic Indication Groups), ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need), and mIOTN (modified Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) regarding differences in malocclusion prevalence and their assessment of orthodontic treatment need in German 8‑ to 9‑year-old children of the Sixth German Oral Health Study (Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie, DMS 6).
METHODS: The necessary data for the calculation of the KIG, mIOTN, and ICON were collected by a dentist as part of a clinical orthodontic examination during the field phase of the DMS 6 and by a subsequent digital orthodontic model-analytical evaluation of intraoral scans of the dental arches and the occlusal situation in habitual occlusion.
RESULTS: Prevalence, severity, and treatment need of tooth and jaw misalignments differed in part considerably depending on the index used for assessment. On the other hand, there were several outcomes which yielded quite similar results for the different indices used, such as orthodontic treatment need, which ranged from 40.4% (KIG) over 41.6% (ICON) to 44.2% (mIOTN). Interestingly, orthodontic treatment need for the individual subject could differ considerably, when assessed using different indices.
CONCLUSIONS: In general, the results show that the mIOTN is much more conservative in assessing malocclusion prevalences often being smaller than those derived by KIG or ICON. In contrast, KIG and ICON often yield similar prevalences with certain distinct differences due to discrepancies in the respective definitions and also clearly differentiate between treatment possibility and arbitrarily determined treatment need.
UNASSIGNED: ZIEL: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Indizes KIG (Kieferorthopädische Indikationsgruppen), ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) und mIOTN (modifizierter Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) hinsichtlich Unterschieden in der Malokklusionsprävalenz und deren Einschätzung des kieferorthopädischen Behandlungsbedarfs bei deutschen 8‑ bis 9‑jährigen Kindern der Sechsten Deutschen Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS 6) zu vergleichen.
METHODS: Die notwendigen Daten zur Berechnung von KIG, mIOTN und ICON wurden von einem Zahnarzt im Rahmen einer klinisch-kieferorthopädischen Untersuchung während der Feldphase der DMS 6 und durch eine anschließende digitale kieferorthopädische modellanalytische Auswertung von Intraoralscans der Zahnbögen und der okklusalen Situation in habitueller Okklusion erhoben.
UNASSIGNED: Prävalenz, Schweregrad und Behandlungsbedarf von Zahn- und Kieferfehlstellungen unterschieden sich je nach dem zur Bewertung herangezogenen Index zum Teil erheblich. Andererseits gab es mehrere Endpunkte, die für die verschiedenen verwendeten Indizes recht ähnliche Ergebnisse lieferten, wie etwa der kieferorthopädische Behandlungsbedarf, der von 40,4 % (KIG) über 41,6 % (ICON) bis 44,2 % (mIOTN) reichte. Interessanterweise konnte der kieferorthopädische Behandlungsbedarf des einzelnen Probanden erheblich variieren, wenn er anhand verschiedener Indizes bewertet wurde.
UNASSIGNED: Im Allgemeinen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass der mIOTN beim Assessment der Malokklusionsprävalenzen deutlich konservativer ist, sie waren oft geringer als beim Assessment mit KIG bzw. ICON. Dagegen ergeben sich nach KIG und ICON oft ähnliche Prävalenzen mit gewissen deutlichen Unterschieden aufgrund von Diskrepanzen in den jeweiligen Definitionen. KIG und ICON differenzieren auch klar zwischen Behandlungsmöglichkeit und willkürlich festgestelltem Behandlungsbedarf.

UNASSIGNED: Orthodontic treatment planning within a public health system needs information on the need for orthodontic treatment within the population. It is imperative to have epidemiological data from which the need for orthodontic care in any region can be estimated. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the orthodontic treatment need of adolescents in North-Western Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 200, 12-15-year-old schoolchildren in Northern Nigeria using the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). A structured interview and clinical examination were used to assess the subjects. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: There were 19.5% with definite need (DHC 4 or 5) for orthodontic treatment and 15.5% borderline need (DHC 3). The AC scores demonstrated that 1% of the studied subjects had a definite need (AC 8-10) for orthodontic treatment and 24% borderline need (AC 5-7). A statistically significant relationship between AC and DHC of IOTN among the study population (P < 0.05) was observed.
UNASSIGNED: Using the DHC of the IOTN, the proportion of subjects estimated to have great and very great treatment needs (grades 4 and 5) was 19.5%. However, only 1% of individuals were in need (grades 8-10) of orthodontic treatment according to the AC. Awareness about orthodontic treatment should be a part of public health planning for this region.