有机磷神经毒性剂(OPNAs)严重损害神经系统,抑制AChE活性,威胁人类健康和生命。及时准确地检测生物医学样品中的生物标志物是鉴定OPNA暴露的重要手段,有助于识别和澄清其特征,并为回顾性研究提供明确的法医证据。因此,有必要总结生物标志物的品种,认识到它们的各种特征,并了解这些生物标志物在OPNA暴露回顾性检测中的主要研究方法。常见的生物标志物主要包括完整的药物,降解产物和蛋白质加合物。直接试剂鉴定在基础实验研究中成功应用于游离OPNAs的检测,然而,这种方法不适用于实际的生物医学样品,因为OPNA的高反应性促进了快速代谢。逐步降解产物是回顾性研究的重要目标,通常使用GC-MS进行分析,或衍生化后的LC-MS系统。较小的检测时间窗口要求在48小时内完成采样,增加了确定OPNA暴露的障碍。出于这个原因,OPNA暴露的回顾性鉴定的重点已转移到具有更长寿命的蛋白质加合物。与氟化物诱导的再活化方法相比,不能用于老化加合物,消化肽分析是检测各种加合物的更优雅的方法,确定更活跃的网站,探索潜在的生物标志物和挖掘特征离子。OPNA中毒后生物标志物的回顾性鉴定是最重要的,为实际案例中的法医分析和化学事故的判断提供明确的证据。目前,降解产物,来自BChE加合物的九肽和来自人血清加合物的Y411已成功用于OPNA暴露的实际病例。然而,更多潜在的生物标志物仍处于发现阶段,这可能没有定论。因此,迫切需要从潜在候选物中筛选出具有高反应性和良好可靠性的候选生物标志物.此外,具有高分辨率和反应性的质谱检测以及扫描模式下的精确数据处理系统也必须进一步改进,以回顾性识别未知试剂。
Organophosphorus neurotoxic agents (OPNAs) seriously damage the nervous system, inhibiting AChE activity and threatening human health and life. Timely and accurate detection of biomarkers in biomedical samples is an important means for identifying OPNA exposure, helping to recognize and clarify its characteristics and providing unambiguous forensic evidence for retrospective research. It is therefore necessary to summarize the varieties of biomarkers, recognize their various characteristics, and understand the principal research methods for these biomarkers in the retrospective detection of OPNA exposure. Common biomarkers include mainly intact agents, degradation products and protein adducts. Direct agent identification in basic experimental research was successfully applied to the detection of free OPNAs, however, this method is not applicable to actual biomedical samples because the high reactivity of OPNAs promotes rapid metabolism. Stepwise degradation products are important targets for retrospective research and are usually analyzed using a GC-MS, or an LC-MS system after derivatization. The smaller window of detection time requires that sampling be accomplished within 48 h, increasing the obstacles to determining OPNA exposure. For this reason, the focus of retrospective identification of OPNA exposure has shifted to protein adducts with a longer lifetime. Compared to the fluoride-induced reactivation method, which cannot be used for aged adducts, digestive peptide analysis is the more elegant method for detecting various adducts, identifying more active sites, exploring potential biomarkers and excavating characteristic ions. Retrospective identification of biomarkers after OPNA poisoning is of primary importance, providing unambiguous evidence for forensic analysis in actual cases and judgment of chemical accidents. At present, degradation products, the nonapeptide from BChE adducts and Y411 from human serum adducts are used successfully in actual cases of OPNA exposure. However, more potential biomarkers are still in the discovery stage, which may prove inconclusive. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research that screens biomarker candidates with high reactivity and good reliability from the potential candidates. In addition, mass spectrometry detection with high resolution and reactivity and an accurate data processing system in the scanning mode must also be further improved for the retrospective identification of unknown agents.