IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is an auto immune fibro-inflammatory condition, characterised by presence of IgG4 positive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and extensive fibrosis of the involved organ. It commonly affects pancreas, biliary tract and salivary glands. Sino-orbital involvement is a relatively rare presentation. There is extensive fibrosis of the involved organ. Biopsy is often diagnostic and it shows extensive necrosis and lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates. They show dramatic response to steroid therapy. Here we present three cases of IgG4-RD disease involving orbit and para nasal sinuses who were evaluated and treated in a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 2 years.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery and conservative treatment for orbital apex syndrome caused by sinus lesions. Methods:The clinical data of 56 patients with orbital apex syndrome caused by sinus lesions who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to August 2023 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into a surgical group of 21 cases and a conservative group of 35 cases. The clinical features and prognosis of the two groups were compared. Results:Among the sinus lesions in the surgical group, 61.9% were fungal sinusitis, 28.6% were bacterial sinusitis, and 9.5% were sphenoid sinus tumors. In the conservative group, non-fungal sinusitis accounted for 65.7% and fungal sinusitis accounted for 34.3%. In addition to sinus lesions, patients had underlying diseases. In the surgical group, 71.4% had hypertension and 80.9% had diabetes; in the conservative group, 28.6% had hypertension and 42.9% had diabetes. After a follow-up of 1 month to 5 years, the symptom improvement rate in the surgical group was 85.7%, with 1 case of recurrence. No recurrence was found after reoperation, while the symptom improvement rate in the conservative group was 22.9%, and 6 cases recurred after symptom improvement, and were transferred to rhinology department. No recurrence was seen after surgery. Conclusion:Most of the sinus lesions in this study were fungal sinusitis. In addition, patients with underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, etc. have reduced nasal immunity, which significantly increases the risk of disease. Since early nasal symptoms are not obvious, multidisciplinary cooperation in diagnosis and treatment is very necessary. Once imaging examination suggests orbital apex syndrome caused by sinus lesions, endoscopic sinus opening should be performed as soon as possible.
目的：比较鼻窦病变引起的眶尖综合征鼻内镜手术治疗和保守治疗的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2018年1月-2023年8月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的56例因鼻窦病变引起眶尖综合征患者的临床资料，分为手术组21例，保守组35例，比较两组的临床特征及预后。 结果：鼻窦病变中手术组真菌性鼻窦炎占61.9%，细菌性鼻窦炎占28.6%，蝶窦肿瘤占9.5%。保守组非真菌性鼻窦炎占65.7%，真菌性鼻窦炎占34.3%。除鼻窦病变外，患者合并有基础疾病，手术组中高血压占71.4%，糖尿病占80.9%；保守组中高血压占28.6%，糖尿病占42.9%。随访1个月~5年，手术组症状改善率为85.7%，复发1例，再次手术后未见复发；而保守组症状改善率为22.9%，症状改善后再复发6例，转至鼻科手术后未见复发。 结论：本研究中鼻窦病变多为真菌性鼻窦炎，此外，合并糖尿病、高血压、肾病综合征等基础疾病的患者鼻部免疫力下降，显著增加了发病风险。由于早期鼻部症状不明显，多学科合作诊疗十分必要。影像学检查一旦提示为鼻窦病变引起的眶尖综合征，需尽早进行鼻内镜下鼻窦开放术。.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare small-vessel vasculitis that typically presents with a triad of sinonasal, pulmonary, and renal symptoms. Here, we present the case of a 43-year-old female with a history of substance use disorder who presented with vision changes and worsening left eye pain over five days. Previous evaluations raised concerns about GPA versus cocaine-induced vasculitis, but diagnostic confirmation was hindered by a lack of medical follow-up. Prompt multidisciplinary intervention led to significant improvement following steroid therapy and IV antibiotics, and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with a high GPA. This case highlights the complexities involved in diagnosing and managing GPA presenting as orbital apex syndrome, particularly in patients with comorbidities and non-adherence to medical follow-up.

The Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) is found along the east coast of Australia. Tick bites may result in paralysis ranging from muscular weakness to ascending paralysis requiring respiratory support. Ocular complications and facial nerve involvement are rare. We present a rare occurrence of tick-bite-associated visual loss, proptosis, and multiple cranial neuropathies not previously reported in the literature. The tick was removed, and the patient\'s symptoms improved following treatment with steroids and oral doxycycline. The vision and sensory changes are not explained by the Ixodes toxin; thus, we hypothesize this is related to orbital apex inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of patients\' vision survival and prognostic factors and evaluate clinical features in rhino-orbital mucormycosis.
METHODS: Forty-three eyes of 43 patients followed up with orbital mucormycosis infections were included in the study. Demographic characteristics of the patients, symptoms at admission, ophthalmologic and non-ophthalmologic examination findings, clinical findings during follow-up, medical and surgical procedures, and complications were recorded. Patient survival was determined by assessing the incidence of mortality, and vision survival was defined as achieving a final visual acuity of at least light perception.
RESULTS: Twenty-seven (62.8%) patients were male, and 16 (37.2%) were female. When the underlying disease status of the patients was examined, it was observed that all patients had an underlying disease and diabetes constituted the majority (65.2%). Periorbital swelling (69.8%) and ophthalmoplegia (53.5%) were the most common symptoms and findings at the admission of patients with mucormycosis infection. The disease resulted in death in 22 (51.2%) patients. The presence of fever and shorter duration of antifungal therapy were associated with lower patient survival. Exenteration surgery was not found to be associated with the survival of the patients. Frozen eye, loss of pupillary light reflex, and development of central retinal artery occlusion were associated with lower vision survival.
CONCLUSIONS: This study presents one of the most extensive patient series in the literature on rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Knowing the patients\' symptoms at the time of admission and the clinical findings during the infection process will increase awareness about the disease.

UNASSIGNED: Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a rare angioinvasive fungal infection known to be associated with high morbidity and over 50% mortality. ROCM is becoming more common due to an increase in predisposing immunocompromising comorbidities as well as COVID-19.
UNASSIGNED: We report 2 cases - a 75-year-old woman with diabetes and a 39-year-old man with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. Both presented initially with acute sinonasal symptoms, were positive for SARS-CoV-2, and diagnosed with acute ROCM. Both underwent mutilating surgical therapy as well as high-dose amphotericin B treatment. With continued oral antifungal treatment, patient 1 showed stable symptoms despite radiographically increasing disease and died of urosepsis 5 months after first surgery. With posaconazole treatment, patient 2 recovered from the disease and showed no clinical sign of disease progression after 1 year.
UNASSIGNED: Despite the rarity of the disease, ROCM should be considered if the findings of clinical and radiological examination fit, so that a delay in treatment initiation can be avoided. As our both cases show, survival from ROCM is possible - albeit at a high cost.

UNASSIGNED: The superior orbital fissure contains cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and V1 with their three branches: frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary. Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is rare and can occur as a result of compression of these nerves due to trauma, bleeding, or inflammation in the retrobulbar space, but no cases of SOFS after deep lateral orbital wall decompression (DLOWD) have been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe this pathology, its possible causes, management, and outcome.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective study of 575 DLOWD in patients with disfiguring exophthalmos due to Graves\' ophthalmopathy performed in our hospital between 2010 and 2023. Three cases of postoperative SOFS were identified based on clinical presentation, history, physical examination, and radiological study. All patients were observed for a minimum of 12 months.
UNASSIGNED: SOFS was diagnosed with the presence of ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, fixed and dilated pupils, hypo/anesthesia of the upper eyelid and forehead, loss of corneal reflex, and no loss of vision after DLOWD. Fractures, edema, and hemorrhages were excluded. They were treated with high-dose intravenous steroids and the patients recovered completely.
UNASSIGNED: DLOWD challenges orbital surgeons because it requires removing bones near the globe or neurovascular structures. SOFS may occur due to the proximity and increased pressure on these structures.

Orbital Apex Syndrome (OAS) complicating Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is associated with significant visual impairment. We present four patients with HZO OAS, to highlight clinical features and outcomes in order to promote earlier recognition and management of this potentially sight-threatening complication. CT and MRI imaging findings included expansion and enhancement of extraocular muscles and intraconal fat and involvement of the orbital apex and cavernous sinus. All patients received systemic steroid and antiviral therapy, but a standardised dosage and duration of treatment remains to be defined. Final visual acuity and extraocular motility outcomes were variable.

A 63-year-old man with diabetes presented with unilateral ptosis and an exotropia. A diagnosis of isolated diabetic III nerve palsy was made. Subsequent neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation showed multiple cranial nerves involvement consistent with a diagnosis of orbital apex syndrome. Review of past medical history was significant for a previous nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and biopsy of the involved site was consistent with tumor recurrence. This case highlights the importance of correct medical history taking and anatomo-clinical correlation in neuro-ophthalmology.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) arises because of the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in the trigeminal nerve ganglion and typically presents with ocular manifestations. However, infrequent neurological complications can also be seen. Rarely occurring, orbital apex syndrome presents itself as a severe complication of HZO, characterized by the involvement of multiple cranial nerves and vascular structures within the orbital apex. A 70-year-old male patient being followed for HZO developed orbital apex syndrome after 14 days of treatment, resulting in ophthalmoplegia, vision loss, and significant morbidity. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. The treatment involved a combination of systemic steroid and antiviral therapy, resulting in a favorable resolution of ophthalmoplegia within six months. However, optic-neuropathy-induced vision loss was irreparable. Early recognition, antiviral therapy, and multidisciplinary management are crucial in preventing permanent visual impairment and neurological deficits associated with this uncommon complication.