巴西原生动物寄生虫利什曼原虫(Viannia)是拉丁美洲最广泛的利什曼原虫物种之一,是导致皮瘤利什曼病(TL)的原因。这种疾病有多种临床表现,皮肤利什曼病(CL)是最常见的。它表现为一个或几个局部皮肤溃疡,可以扩散到其他身体部位。因此,早期诊断和治疗,通常是五价抗辩药,是至关重要的。传统的诊断方法,比如寄生虫培养,显微镜,或用于检测寄生虫DNA的聚合酶链反应(PCR),由于活检样本中寄生虫的不均匀分布而具有局限性。尽管如此,研究表明,L.中存在高水平的寄生虫特异性抗α-Gal抗体(V.)巴西感染患者。以前,我们证明了新糖蛋白NGP28b,由L.(利什曼原虫)主要的2型糖蛋白磷脂(GIPL)-3衍生的三糖Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ通过接头与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)缀合,作为L.(V.)巴西的巴西感染。这表明该寄生虫中存在GIPL-3或类似结构,及其末端三糖作为免疫显性糖位的功能或作为其一部分。这里,我们探讨了用甘露糖单元扩展三糖是否会增强其作为L.血清学检测生物标志物的功效(V.)巴西。我们合成了四糖Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ1,3Manpα(CH2)3SH(G31SH),并将其与马来酰亚胺官能化的BSA缀合,得到NGP31b。当我们通过化学发光酶联免疫吸附试验评估NGP28b和NGP31b对一组患有L.的CL患者的疗效时(V.)来自玻利维亚和阿根廷的巴西感染与健康对照组,两个NGP表现出相似或相同的灵敏度,特异性,和准确性。这一发现表明,在患者血清中,在还原端的甘露糖部分不是由寄生虫特异性抗α-Gal抗体识别的糖位的一部分,它也不对末端三糖的构象产生相关影响。此外,甘露糖似乎并不抑制聚糖-抗体的相互作用。因此,NGP31b是一种可行且可靠的BMK,可用于L.(V.)巴西。
The protozoan parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is among Latin America\'s most widespread Leishmania species and is responsible for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). This disease has multiple clinical presentations, with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) being the most frequent. It manifests as one or a few localized skin ulcers, which can spread to other body areas. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment, typically with pentavalent antimonials, is critical. Traditional diagnostic methods, like parasite culture, microscopy, or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the parasite DNA, have limitations due to the uneven distribution of parasites in biopsy samples. Nonetheless, studies have revealed high levels of parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in L. (V.) braziliensis-infected patients. Previously, we demonstrated that the neoglycoprotein NGP28b, consisting of the L. (Leishmania) major type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-3-derived trisaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via a linker, acts as a reliable serological biomarker (BMK) for L. (V.) braziliensis infection in Brazil. This indicates the presence of GIPL-3 or a similar structure in this parasite, and its terminal trisaccharide either functions as or is part of an immunodominant glycotope. Here, we explored whether extending the trisaccharide with a mannose unit would enhance its efficacy as a biomarker for the serological detection of L. (V.) braziliensis. We synthesized the tetrasaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ1,3Manpα(CH2)3SH (G31SH) and conjugated it to maleimide-functionalized BSA to afford NGP31b. When we assessed the efficacy of NGP28b and NGP31b by chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a cohort of CL patients with L. (V.) braziliensis infection from Bolivia and Argentina against a healthy control group, both NGPs exhibited similar or identical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This finding implies that the mannose moiety at the reducing end is not part of the glycotope recognized by the parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in patients\' sera, nor does it exert a relevant influence on the terminal trisaccharide\'s conformation. Moreover, the mannose does not seem to inhibit glycan-antibody interactions. Therefore, NGP31b is a viable and dependable BMK for the serodiagnosis of CL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.