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Over the last decades, cognitive neuroscience has identified a distributed set of brain regions that are critical for attention. Strong anatomical overlap with brain regions critical for oculomotor processes suggests a joint network for attention and eye movements. However, the role of this shared network in complex, naturalistic environments remains understudied. Here, we investigated eye movements in relation to (un)attended sentences of natural speech. Combining simultaneously recorded eye tracking and magnetoencephalographic data with temporal response functions, we show that gaze tracks attended speech, a phenomenon we termed ocular speech tracking. Ocular speech tracking even differentiates a target from a distractor in a multi-speaker context and is further related to intelligibility. Moreover, we provide evidence for its contribution to neural differences in speech processing, emphasizing the necessity to consider oculomotor activity in future research and in the interpretation of neural differences in auditory cognition.

Early pioneering studies by Autrum on terrestrial arthropods first revealed that the visual systems of arthropods reflected their lifestyles and habitats. Subsequent studies have examined and confirmed Autrum\'s hypothesis that visual adaptions are driven by predator-prey interactions and activity cycles, with rapidly moving predatory diurnal species generally possessing better temporal resolution than slower moving nocturnal species. However, few studies have compared the vision between diurnal herbivores and nocturnal predators. In this study, the visual physiology of a nocturnal fast-moving predatory crab, the Atlantic ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) and a diurnal herbivorous crab, the mangrove tree crab (Aratus pisonii), was examined. Spectral sensitivity, irradiance sensitivity and temporal resolution of the crabs were quantified using the electroretinogram (ERG), while the spatial resolution was calculated utilizing morphological methods. Both O. quadrata and A. pisonii had a single dark-adapted spectral sensitivity peak (494 and 499 nm, respectively) and chromatic adaptation had no effect on their spectral sensitivity, indicating that both species have monochromatic visual systems. The temporal resolution of O. quadrata was not significantly different from that of A. pisonii, but O. quadrata did possess a significantly greater spatial resolution and irradiance sensitivity. Both species possess an acute zone in the anterior region of their eyes. The data presented in this study will aid in the current understanding of the correlation between visual physiology and the life history of the animal.

The complex anatomy and physiological barriers of the eye make delivering ocular therapeutics challenging. Generally, effective drug delivery to the eye is hindered by rapid clearance and limited drug bioavailability. Biomaterial-based approaches have emerged to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues and overcome existing limitations. In this review, some of the most promising long-acting injectables (LAIs) in ocular drug delivery are explored, focusing on novel design strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. LAIs are designed to enable sustained therapeutic effects, thereby extending local drug residence time and facilitating controlled and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, LAIs can be engineered to enhance drug targeting and penetration across ocular physiological barriers.

Eye movements alter the relationship between the visual and auditory spatial scenes. Signals related to eye movements affect neural pathways from the ear through auditory cortex and beyond, but how these signals contribute to computing the locations of sounds with respect to the visual scene is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the information contained in eye movement-related eardrum oscillations (EMREOs), pressure changes recorded in the ear canal that occur in conjunction with simultaneous eye movements. We show that EMREOs contain parametric information about horizontal and vertical eye displacement as well as initial/final eye position with respect to the head. The parametric information in the horizontal and vertical directions can be modeled as combining linearly, allowing accurate prediction of the EMREOs associated with oblique (diagonal) eye movements. Target location can also be inferred from the EMREO signals recorded during eye movements to those targets. We hypothesize that the (currently unknown) mechanism underlying EMREOs could impose a two-dimensional eye-movement-related transfer function on any incoming sound, permitting subsequent processing stages to compute the positions of sounds in relation to the visual scene.

As a water channel protein, aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is essential for the maintenance of the normal physiological functions of ocular tissues. This review provides an overview of the expression and function of AQP5 in the eye and discusses their role in related eye diseases. Although AQP5 plays a vital role in ocular functions, such as maintaining corneal and lens transparency, regulating water movement, and maintaining homeostasis, some of its functions in ocular tissues are still unclear. Based on the key role of AQP5 in eye function, this review suggests that in the future, eye diseases may be treated by regulating the expression of aquaporin.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct (NLD) patency on tear production and tear film breakup time (TBUT) in normal dogs.
METHODS: The ophthalmic data of 82 healthy adult dogs were evaluated in this study.
METHODS: Age, sex, breed, and reproductive status were recorded. Schirmer tear test (STT) and TBUT were assessed in all dogs, and interferometry was available for the selected dogs. The Jones test was used to evaluate NLD patency. The cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each dog (skull width/skull length ×100).
RESULTS: Mean (SD) values for the STT results for the right (OD) and left (OS) eyes were 20.6 (2.7) and 20.2 (2.7) mm/min, respectively. Mean (SD) TBUT values for OD and OS were 6.5 (2.5) and 6.1 (2.3) mm/min in all dogs, respectively. Sex and reproductive status had no significant effect on STT and TBUT (P[OU]  > 0.05). Skull type significantly affected TBUT in both eyes (P(OD)  = 0.01, P(OS)  = 0.003), but had no effect on STT (P[OU]  > 0.3). Age had no correlation with STT and TBUT in either eye (P[OU]  > 0.05). STT and TBUT had no correlation in either eye (P[OU]  > 0.2). NLD patency had no significant effect on STT or TBUT (P[OU]  > 0.1).
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed lower TBUT values in brachycephalic breeds than in non-brachycephalic breeds. A compensatory increase in STT values was observed in dogs with low TBUT values.

We examined the effects of using mobile devices with immersive virtual reality for a short period on the physiological parameters of both eyes. The average age of the 50 participants (23 men and 27 women) was 17.72 ± 1.48 years, and refractive error ranged from 0 D to - 5.00 D. All the participants wore + 3.00 D glasses and underwent a 5-min relaxation adjustment through the atomization method. The participants wore immersive virtual reality (VR) glasses to watch a movie on a roller coaster for 10 min. Their relevant physiological parameters of the eyes were measured both before and after using VR glasses. Compared with before VR use, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the near-horizontal vergence and refractive error but a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the amplitude of accommodation, intraocular pressure, divergence/convergence, and stereopsis after VR use. The corneal elastic coefficient was > 0.2 MPa, and we used Friedenwald\'s eye rigidity relationship to obtain the K value (0.065-0.09). Approximately 10% of the participants experienced cybersickness symptoms such as nausea and dizziness. The use of VR to watch three-dimensional movies reduced intraocular pressure, which may help prevent or treat glaucoma. Moreover, the binocular convergence was higher when viewing near-field objects in VR than in the real world. Therefore, individuals with convergence excess may experience symptoms. Binocular parallax is the most likely cause of cybersickness symptoms. Thus, mobile VR devices with higher quality and comfort are necessary.

Insect sensory systems are the subjects of different selective pressures that shape their morphology. In many species of the flesh fly subfamily Miltogramminae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) that are kleptoparasitic on bees and wasps, females perch on objects close to the host nests and, once a returning host is detected, they follow it in flight at a fixed distance behind until reaching the nest. We hypothesized that such satellite (SAT) flight behaviour, which implies a finely coordinated trailing flight, is associated with an improved visual system, compared to species adopting other, non-satellite (NON-SAT) strategies. After looking at body size and common ancestry, we found that SAT species have a greater number of ommatidia and a greater eye surface area when compared to NON-SAT species. Ommatidium area is only affected by body size, suggesting that selection changes disproportionately (relative to body size variation) the number of ommatidia and as a consequence the eye area, instead of ommatidium size. SAT species also tend to have larger ocelli, but their role in host-finding was less clear. This suggests that SAT species may have a higher visual acuity by increasing ommatidia number, as well as better stability during flight and motion perception through larger ocelli. Interestingly, antennal length was significantly reduced in SAT species, and ommatidia number negatively correlated with antennal length. While this finding does not imply a selection pressure of improved antennal sensory system in species adopting NON-SAT strategies, it suggests an inverse resource (i.e. a single imaginal disc) allocation between eyes and antennae in this fly subfamily.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal disease affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. This is a recognized side-effect of glucocorticoids (GCs), administered through nasal, articular, oral and dermal routes. However, CSCR does not occur after intraocular GCs administration, suggesting that a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) brake could play a role in the mechanistic link between CSCR and GS. The aim of this study was to explore this hypothesis. To induce HPA brake, Lewis rats received a systemic injection of dexamethasone daily for five days. Control rats received saline injections. Baseline levels of corticosterone were measured by Elisa at baseline and at 5 days in the serum and the ocular media and dexamethasone levels were measured at 5 days in the serum and ocular media. The expression of genes encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), and the 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) enzymes 1 and 2 were quantified in the neural retina and in RPE/ choroid. The expression of MR target genes was quantified in the retina (Scnn1A (encoding ENac-α, Kir4.1 and Aqp4) and in the RPE/choroid (Shroom 2, Ngal, Mmp9 and Omg, Ptx3, Plaur and Fosl-1). Only 10% of the corticosterone serum concentration was measured in the ocular media. Corticosterone levels in the serum and in the ocular media dropped after 5 days of dexamethasone systemic treatment, reflecting HPA axis brake. Whilst both GR and MR were downregulated in the retina without MR/GR imbalance, in the RPE/choroid, both MR/GR and 11β-hsd2/11β-hsd1 ratio increased, indicating MR pathway activation. MR-target genes were upregulated in the RPE/ choroid but not in the retina. The psychological stress induced by the repeated injection of saline also induced HPA axis brake with a trend towards MR pathway activation in RPE/ choroid. HPA axis brake causes an imbalance of corticoid receptors expression in the RPE/choroid towards overactivation of MR pathway, which could favor the occurrence of CSCR.