The prognoses of patients who undergo open spinal endoscopy (OSE) decompression significantly differ by scoliosis type and symptom despite the use of uniform standards and procedures for the decompression surgery. These differences may be directly related to the selection and formulation of surgical strategies but their cause remains unclear. The aim of this study was to verify and evaluate the efficacy of the \"Symptom, Stenosis and Segment classification (SSS classification)\" in determining an appropriate surgical strategy and to analyze the differences in the outcomes of different patients after receiving the selected surgical strategy. The results of this study ultimately provide a theoretical basis for the specific optimization of surgical strategies guided by the \"SSS classification\". This work was a retrospective study. We reviewed 55 patients with scoliosis and spinal stenosis who underwent \"pear-shaped\" decompression under OSE from May 2021 to June 2023 treated by our surgical team. To classify different types of patients, we defined the \"SSS classification\" system. The permutation and combination of subtypes in Symptom (including three subtypes: Convex = v, Concave = c and Bilateral = b), Stenosis (including three subtypes: Convex = v, Concave = c and Bilateral = b), and Segment (including two subtypes: Edge = e and Inside = i) yields 18 possible types (details in Table 1) in this classification system. To classify different types of surgeries, we also defined the operation system. The VAS Back and VAS Leg scores after surgical treatment were significantly lower in all patients 3 months after surgery than before surgery. (**P < 0.05). The Svve type accounted for the greatest proportion of patients (62.50%) in the VAS back remission group, and the Scce type accounted for the greatest proportion (57.14%) in the VAS back ineffective group. According to the VAS leg score, the percentage of patients in whom Svve was detected in the VAS leg remission group reached 60.87%, and the percentage of patients in whom Svve was detected in the VAS leg ineffective group reached 44.44%. Svve accounted for the greatest proportion of cases (61.22%) in the JOA-effective group, and Scce accounted for the greatest proportion of cases (50.00%) in the JOA-ineffective group. In the JOA-effective group, the Ovv type accounted for the greatest proportion (up to 79.59%), while in the JOA-ineffective group, Occ and Ovv accounted for 50.00% of the cases each. The proportions of Svve type were the highest in the healthy group (up to 60.00%) and the ODI-effective group (up to 50.00%). The Ovv type accounted for the greatest proportion of patients in the ODI-effective group (up to 80.00%), and the Occ type accounted for the greatest proportion of patients in the ODI-ineffective group (up to 60.00%). Most of the surgical plans formulated by the \"SSS classification\" method were considered appropriate, and only when the symptoms of patients were located on the concave side did the endoscopic decompression plan used in the present study have a limited ability to alleviate symptoms.

Background: Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a well-established treatment option for patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) with few side effects. The double transgenic mouse model spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis (OSE), based on recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 reactive T and B cells, mimicks features of chronic inflammation and degeneration in MS and related disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of prophylactic GA treatment on the clinical course, histological alterations and peripheral immune cells in OSE. Objective: To investigate the effects of prophylactic glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment in a mouse model of spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis (OSE). Methods: OSE mice with a postnatal age of 21 to 28 days without signs of encephalomyelitis were treated once daily either with 150 µg GA or vehicle intraperitoneally (i. p.). The animals were scored daily regarding clinical signs and weight. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days of treatment or after having reached a score of 7.0 due to animal care guidelines. We performed immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections and flow cytometry analysis of immune cells. Results: Preventive treatment with 150 µg GA i. p. once daily significantly reduced clinical disease progression with a mean score of 3.9 ± 1.0 compared to 6.2 ± 0.7 in control animals (p < 0.01) after 30 d in accordance with positive effects on weight (p < 0.001). The immunohistochemistry showed that general inflammation, demyelination or CD11c+ dendritic cell infiltration did not differ. There was, however, a modest reduction of the Iba1+ area (p < 0.05) and F4/80+ area upon GA treatment (p < 0.05). The immune cell composition of secondary lymphoid organs showed a trend towards an upregulation of regulatory T cells, which lacked significance. Conclusions: Preventive treatment with GA reduces disease progression in OSE in line with modest effects on microglia/macrophages. Due to the lack of established prophylactic treatment options for chronic autoimmune diseases with a high risk of disability, our study could provide valuable indications for translational medicine.

The physiological or dietary advantages of germinated grains have been the subject of numerous discussions over the past decade. Around 23 million tons of oats are consumed globally, making up a sizeable portion of the global grain market. Oat seedlings contain more protein, beta-glucan, free amino acids, and phenolic compounds than seeds. The progressive neurodegenerative disorder of Alzheimer\'s is accompanied by worsening memory and cognitive function. A key indicator of this disorder is the unusual buildup of amyloid-beta protein (or Aβ) in human brains. In this context, oat seedling extract (OSE) has been identified as a new therapeutic candidate for AD, due to its antioxidant activity and AD-specific mechanism of action. This study directly investigated how OSE affected AD and its impacts by examining the cognitive function and exploring the inflammatory response mechanism. The dried oat seedlings were grounded finely with a grinder, inserted with 50% fermented ethanol 10 times (w/v), and extracted by stirring for 10 h at 45 °C. After filtering the extract by 0.22 um filter, some of it was used for UHPLC analysis. The results indicated that the treatment with OSE protects against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells. Tg-5Xfad AD mice had strong deposition of Aβ throughout their brains, while WT mice did not exhibit any such deposition within their brains. A drastic reduction was observed in terms of numbers, as well as the size, of Aβ plaques within Tg-5Xfad AD mice exposed to OSE. This study indicated OSE\'s neuroprotective impacts against neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-beta. Our results suggest that OSE acts as a neuroprotective agent to combat AD-specific apoptotic cell death, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta accumulation, as well as synaptic dysfunction in AD mice\'s brains. Furthermore, the study indicated that OSE treatment affects JNK/ERK/p38 MAPK signaling, with considerable inhibition in p-JNK, p-p38, and p-ERK levels seen in the brain of OSE-treated Tg-5Xfad AD mice.

Prunus mume is a traditional ornamental plant, which owed a unique floral scent. However, the diversity of the floral scent in P. mume cultivars with different aroma types was not identified. In this study, the floral scent of eight P. mume cultivars was studied using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and organic solvent extraction (OSE), combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 66 headspace volatiles and 74 endogenous extracts were putatively identified, of which phenylpropanoids/benzenoids were the main volatile organic compounds categories. As a result of GC-MS analysis, benzyl acetate (1.55-61.26%), eugenol (0.87-6.03%), benzaldehyde (5.34-46.46%), benzyl alcohol (5.13-57.13%), chavicol (0-5.46%), and cinnamyl alcohol (0-6.49%) were considered to be the main components in most varieties. However, the volatilization rate of these main components was different. Based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) values in the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA), differential components of four aroma types were identified as biomarkers, and 10 volatile and 12 endogenous biomarkers were screened out, respectively. The odor activity value (OAV) revealed that several biomarkers, including (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, pentyl acetate, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, methyl salicylate, cinnamyl alcohol, and benzoyl cyanide, contributed greatly to the strong-scented, fresh-scented, sweet-scented, and light-scented types of P. mume cultivars. This study provided a theoretical basis for the floral scent evaluation and breeding of P. mume cultivars.

Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is a cell monolayer surrounding the ovary; it is involved in the regulation of the ovulatory process and the genesis of ovarian carcinoma. However, intercellular messengers regulating signaling events, like proliferation in the OSE, have not been completely described. Purines have emerged as novel intercellular messengers in the ovary, in which expression of purinergic receptors has been reported in different cell types. In the present work, we described the functional expression of P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R), a purinergic receptor widely associated with cell proliferation, in the OSE. The expression of P2Y2R by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR, and its functionality by Ca2+ recording was demonstrated in primary cultured OSE. Functional expression of P2Y2R was also exhibited in situ, by recording of intracellular Ca2+ release and detection of ERK phosphorylation after injection of a selective agonist into the ovarian bursa. Furthermore, P2Y2R activation with UTPγS, in situ, induced cell proliferation at 24 h, whereas continuous stimulation of P2Y2R during a complete estrous cycle significantly modified the size distribution of the follicular population. This is the first evidence of the functional expression of purinergic P2Y2R in the OSE and opens new perspectives on the roles played by purines in ovarian physiology.

We investigated the role of a new intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided stenting strategy versus angiography on optimal stent expansion (OSE) and procedural outcomes in patients with positive lesion remodeling.
There are no IVUS criteria on how to achieve OSE.
A total of 100 patients were assigned to a new IVUS-guided stenting strategy (IVUS group) versus angiography-guided stenting (Angio group). In the IVUS group, among patients with positive lesion remodeling, defined as a remodeling ratio (RR; lesion external elastic membrane (EEM) area/distal reference EEM area) >1.05, the stent was expanded with a balloon sized to the distal reference EEM diameter. In the Angio group, the stent was expanded by visual estimation. In both groups, IVUS was performed after postdilation.
Minimum stent area (MSA) and stent volume index were significantly larger in the IVUS versus Angio group (7.1 ± 1.9 vs. 5.9 ± 1.5 mm2 , and 8.7 ± 2.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.8 mm3 /mm, respectively; p < .01). The percentages of OSE, defined as an MSA ≥5.4 mm2 , MSA ≥90% of distal reference lumen area (DRLA), or MSA > DRLA, were significantly higher in the IVUS versus Angio group (80 vs. 56%, 78 vs. 54%, and 71 vs. 38%, respectively; p < .01). Stent underexpansion, malapposition, and residual reference segment stenosis were significantly higher in the Angio versus IVUS group (44 vs. 12%, 16 vs. 4%, and 12 vs. 0%, respectively; p < .05). In the IVUS group, owing to positive remodeling, there was no incidence of dissection or perforation.
This new strategy of IVUS-guided stenting in patients with positive lesion remodeling, compared with angiography, significantly increased stent expansion and decreased stent underexpansion, malapposition, and residual reference segment stenosis with no complications.

Our understanding of the molecular determinants of cancer is still inadequate because of cancer heterogeneity. Here, using epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) as a model system, we analyzed a minute amount of patient-derived epithelial cells from either healthy or cancerous tissues by single-shot mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. Using a multi-disciplinary approach, we demonstrated that primary cells recapitulate tissue complexity and represent a valuable source of differentially expressed proteins and phosphorylation sites that discriminate cancer from healthy cells. Furthermore, we uncovered kinase signatures associated with EOC. In particular, CDK7 targets were characterized in both EOC primary cells and ovarian cancer cell lines. We showed that CDK7 controls cell proliferation and that pharmacological inhibition of CDK7 selectively represses EOC cell proliferation. Our approach defines the molecular landscape of EOC, paving the way for efficient therapeutic approaches for patients. Finally, we highlight the potential of phosphoproteomics to identify clinically relevant and druggable pathways in cancer.

Ovarian cancer is a disease of older women. However, the molecular mechanisms of ovarian aging and their contribution to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer are currently unclear. mTOR signalling is a major regulator of aging as suppression of this pathway extends lifespan in model organisms. Overactive mTOR signalling is present in up to 80% of ovarian cancer samples and is associated with poor prognosis. This study examined the role of mTOR signalling in age-associated changes in ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Histological examination of ovaries from both aged mice and women revealed OSE cell hyperplasia, papillary growth and inclusion cysts. These pathological lesions expressed bonafide markers of ovarian cancer precursor lesions, Pax8 and Stathmin 1, and were presented with elevated mTOR signalling. To understand whether overactive mTOR signalling is responsible for the development of these pathological changes, we analysed ovaries of the Pten trangenic mice and found significant reduction in OSE lesions compared to controls. Furthermore, pharmacological suppression of mTOR signalling significantly decreased OSE hyperplasia in aged mice. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors reduced human ovarian cancer cell viability, proliferation and colony forming ability. Collectively, we have established the role of mTOR signalling in age-related OSE pathologies and initiation of ovarian cancer.

In this study we examined the role of fumaric acid esters (FAE) in a spontaneous and chronic animal model, the opticospinal EAE (OSE). Preventive treatment of dimethylfumarate (DMF) promotes onset of disease in animals treated with high dose DMF. This group also exhibited a significantly exacerbated disease course in a therapeutic treatment as compared to the low dose DMF approach, where less demyelination, macrophage infiltration, and increased Nrf2 expression in the spinal cord were observed. We conclude that low dose DMF treatment is effective in the therapy of the spontaneous opticospinal EAE model and mediates neuroprotective effects via the oxidative stress response pathway.

The mechanism by which neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) induces malignancy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) is still unknown. This study is the first to demonstrate the relationship between NRP-1 expression and EMT markers vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and Slug. We used tissue microarrays containing the three main subtypes of EOC tumors: serous, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma and representative cases retrieved from our pathology archives. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression levels and location of NRP-1 and the aforementioned EMT proteins. NRP-1 was mainly expressed on cancer cells but not in normal ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). The Immunoreactive Scoring (IRS) values revealed that the expression of NRP-1, Slug and E-cadherin in the malignant subtypes of ovarian tissues was significantly higher (5.18 ± 0.64, 4.84 ± 0.7, 4.98 ± 0.68, respectively) than their expression in the normal and benign tissues (1.04 ± 0.29, 0.84 ± 0.68, 1.71 ± 0.66, respectively), with no significant differences among the studied subtypes. Vimentin was expressed in the cancer cell component of 43% of tumors and it was exclusively localized in the stroma of all mucinous tumors. The Spearman\'s rho value indicated that NRP-1 is positively related to the EMT markers E-cadherin and Slug. This notion might indicate that NRP-1 is a partner in the EMT process in EOC tumors.