Nystagmus, Optokinetic

眼球震颤,光动
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们调查了是否使用婴儿视动性眼震(OKN)将隐含运动(IM)的适应性转移到实际运动。具体来说,我们检查了观察一系列图像是否显示了婴儿对随机点运动学图(RDK)相反方向的运动位移OKN反应。每个RDK在预测试中呈现10次,其次是10次IM适应和测试试验。在预测试期间,RDK的信号点向左或向右移动。在IM适配期间,呈现了描绘向左(或向右)IM的10个随机选择的图像。在测试中,在最后一个IM图像之后立即呈现RDK。一个观察者,对运动方向视而不见,评估了OKN的方向。计算每个RDK方向的OKN响应中的匹配数作为OKN的匹配比。我们进行了双向混合方差分析,以年龄组(5-6个月和7-8个月)为参与者间因素,以适应(预测试和测试)为参与者内因素。仅在7-8个月内,通过查看一系列描绘运动的图像,OKN反应向RDK的相反方向移动。这些婴儿可以在预测试中检测到IM和RDK运动方向。我们的结果表明,检测IM和RDK方向可能会在7-8个月内诱导方向选择性适应。
    We investigated whether adaptation from implied motion (IM) is transferred to real motion using optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in infants. Specifically, we examined whether viewing a series of images depicting motion shifted infants\' OKN responses to the opposite direction of random dot kinematograms (RDKs). Each RDK was presented 10 times in a pre-test, followed by 10 trials of IM adaptation and test. During the pre-test, the signal dots of the RDK moved left or right. During IM adaptation, 10 randomly selected images depicting leftward (or rightward) IM were presented. In the test, the RDK was presented immediately after the last IM image. An observer, blinded to the motion direction, assessed the OKN direction. The number of matches in OKN responses for each RDK direction was calculated as the match ratio of OKN. We conducted a two-way mixed analysis of variance, with age group (5-6 months and 7-8 months) as the between-participant factor and adaptation (pre-test and test) as the within-participant factor. Only in 7-8 months the OKN responses were shifted in the opposite direction of RDK by viewing a series of images depicting motion, and these infants could detect both IM and RDK motion directions in the pre-test. Our results indicate that detecting the IM and RDK directions might induce direction-selective adaptation in 7-8 months.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    眼动追踪技术在视觉系统研究等各个领域得到了广泛的应用,神经科学,心理学,和人机交互,具有新的临床意义。在我们研究的这个初步阶段,我们引入了创新的虚拟现实技术的试点测试,旨在跟踪健康个体的头部和眼睛运动。该工具的开发是为了评估轻度创伤性脑损伤(mTBI)的存在,鉴于动眼功能缺陷与此类损伤的频繁关联。除了眼球追踪,由于这些技术的互补性,我们还整合了功能磁共振成像,提供对神经激活模式和行为反应的见解,从而提供对动眼功能的全面了解。我们使用功能磁共振成像来评估动眼功能:平滑追踪(SP),扫视,反扫视,和光动力学眼球震颤(OKN)。在扫描之前,在受试者执行与功能磁共振成像相同的任务的情况下,使用具有集成眼睛和头部跟踪功能的VR护目镜系统进行测试。测试了31个健康成人对照(HCs),目的是识别与这些任务相关的大脑区域,并收集初步规范,以便以后与脑震荡受试者进行比较。功能磁共振成像结果显示以下峰值激活区域:SP-cuneus,顶叶上小叶,旁中央小叶,下顶叶小叶(IPL)小脑扁桃体(CT);扫视-额中回(MFG),中央后回,额内侧回;反扫视-前肌,IPL,MFG;OKN-颞中回,ACC,中央后回,MFG,CT。这些结果表明,在健康对照组中,与动眼任务表现相关的大脑区域,大多数突出显示的区域与受脑震荡影响的区域相对应。这表明,在实施动眼评估中,易患mTBI的大脑区域的参与,加上脑震荡后常见的动眼困难,可能会导致使用眼睛跟踪任务找到客观的生物标志物。
    Eye-tracking techniques have gained widespread application in various fields including research on the visual system, neurosciences, psychology, and human-computer interaction, with emerging clinical implications. In this preliminary phase of our study, we introduce a pilot test of innovative virtual reality technology designed for tracking head and eye movements among healthy individuals. This tool was developed to assess the presence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), given the frequent association of oculomotor function deficits with such injuries. Alongside eye-tracking, we also integrated fMRI due to the complementary nature of these techniques, offering insights into both neural activation patterns and behavioural responses, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of oculomotor function. We used fMRI with tasks evaluating oculomotor functions: Smooth Pursuit (SP), Saccades, Anti-Saccades, and Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN). Prior to the scanning, the testing with a system of VR goggles with integrated eye and head tracking was used where subjects performed the same tasks as those used in fMRI. 31 healthy adult controls (HCs) were tested with the purpose of identifying brain regions associated with these tasks and collecting preliminary norms for later comparison with concussed subjects. HCs\' fMRI results showed following peak activation regions: SP-cuneus, superior parietal lobule, paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), cerebellartonsil (CT); Saccades-middle frontal gyrus (MFG), postcentral gyrus, medial frontal gyrus; Anti-saccades-precuneus, IPL, MFG; OKN-middle temporal gyrus, ACC, postcentral gyrus, MFG, CT. These results demonstrated brain regions associated with the performance on oculomotor tasks in healthy controls and most of the highlighted areas are corresponding with those affected in concussion. This suggests that the involvement of brain areas susceptible to mTBI in implementing oculomotor evaluation, taken together with commonly reported oculomotor difficulties post-concussion, may lead to finding objective biomarkers using eye-tracking tasks.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    该病例报告介绍了一例罕见的婴儿眼震综合征(INS),其中婴儿眼震(IN)的方向是垂直的。一名66岁的妇女被转介到我们部门调查异常的眼球运动。她显示出无序的视野,在左下象限有同音偏盲,垂直凝视引起的眼球震颤,但没有其他异常的神经系统发现。她没有抱怨示波。影像学显示,偏盲的原因是右枕叶萎缩和脑血流量低。当试图固定在静止目标上时,垂直眼震变得强烈。在垂直视动性眼震试验中观察到反向的视动性眼震反应。从这些眼球运动中,我们诊断她的眼球震颤为垂直内。患有INS的患者通过扫视看到一切。IN由扫视的交替出现和先前的缓慢眼球运动组成。对于这些眼球运动,广阔的视野是必要的。在这种情况下,垂直IN是由于同义偏盲导致的垂直视野比水平视野宽。因此,在大多数INS患者中,IN的方向是水平的,因为他们的水平视野是最宽的视野。
    This case report presents a rare case of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) in which the direction of infantile nystagmus (IN) was vertical. A 66-year-old woman was referred to our department for investigation of abnormal eye movements. She showed a disordered field of view with a homonymous hemianopia in the lower left quadrant and vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus, but there were no other abnormal neurological findings. She did not complain of an oscillopsia. Imaging revealed that the cause of hemianopia was atrophy and low cerebral blood flow in the right occipital lobe. The vertical nystagmus became strong when attempting to fixate to stationary targets. A reversed optokinetic nystagmus response was observed in the vertical optokinetic nystagmus test. From these eye movements, we diagnosed her nystagmus as vertical IN. Patients with INS see everything by saccades. IN consists of the alternate appearance of saccades and preceding slow eye movements. For these eye movements, a wide visual field is necessary. In this case, vertical IN was caused by the wider vertical than horizontal visual field resulting from homonymous hemianopia. Therefore, the direction of IN is horizontal in most patients with INS because their horizontal visual field is the widest field.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:多系统萎缩(MSA)是一种神经退行性疾病,进展迅速,预后不良。本研究旨在评估视频动眼评估(VOE)在MSA和帕金森病(PD)鉴别诊断中的价值。
    方法:总共,28例MSA患者,31例PD患者,筛选30名年龄和性别匹配的健康对照(HC)并纳入本研究。评估包括凝视测试,平滑追踪眼动(SPEM),随机扫视,和视动性眼震(OKN)。
    结果:MSA和PD组比HC组有更多的异常和降低的SPEM增益(64.29%,35.48%,10%,p<.001)。在特定频率下,MSA组的SPEM增益明显低于PD组。与HC患者相比,MSA和PD患者在所有扫视方向均显示出延长的潜伏期。然而,两种疾病的扫视参数没有显着差异。OKN增益从HC到PD和MSA组逐渐降低(p<0.05)。与PD组相比,在30°/s的OKN测试中,MSA组的增益进一步降低(左,p=.010;右p=.016)。受试者工作特征曲线表明,眼动参数与年龄和病程的结合可以帮助MSA和PD患者的鉴别诊断。敏感性为89.29%,特异性为70.97%。
    结论:眼球运动参数和临床数据的结合可能有助于MSA和PD的鉴别诊断。此外,VOE在识别神经退行性疾病中至关重要。
    BACKGROUND: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis. This study aimed to assess the value of video oculomotor evaluation (VOE) in the differential diagnosis of MSA and Parkinson\'s disease (PD).
    METHODS: In total, 28 patients with MSA, 31 patients with PD, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were screened and included in this study. The evaluation consisted of a gaze-holding test, smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM), random saccade, and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN).
    RESULTS: The MSA and PD groups had more abnormalities and decreased SPEM gain than the HC group (64.29%, 35.48%, 10%, p < .001). The SPEM gain in the MSA group was significantly lower than that in the PD group at specific frequencies. Patients with MSA and PD showed prolonged latencies in all saccade directions compared with those with HC. However, the two diseases had no significant differences in the saccade parameters. The OKN gain gradually decreased from the HC to the PD and the MSA groups (p < .05). Compared with the PD group, the gain in the MSA group was further decreased in the OKN test at 30°/s (Left, p = .010; Right p = .016). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the combination of oculomotor parameters with age and course of disease could aid in the differential diagnosis of patients with MSA and PD, with a sensitivity of 89.29% and a specificity of 70.97%.
    CONCLUSIONS: The combination of oculomotor parameters and clinical data may aid in the differential diagnosis of MSA and PD. Furthermore, VOE is vital in the identification of neurodegenerative diseases.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    对视觉刺激的行为反应的研究是理解视觉系统功能的关键组成部分。一个值得注意的反应是视动反射(OKR),在视网膜上的图像稳定所必需的高度保守的先天行为。OKR提供了图像跟踪能力的强大读出,并已被广泛研究,以了解来自不同遗传背景的动物的视觉系统电路和功能。OKR由两个阶段组成:缓慢跟踪阶段,即眼睛跟随刺激到视觉平面边缘,以及补偿性快速扫视,可重置眼睛在轨道中的位置。以前的跟踪增益量化方法,虽然可靠,是劳动密集型的,可以是主观的,也可以是任意推导的。为了获得更快速和可重复的眼睛跟踪能力的量化,我们开发了一种新颖的半自动分析程序,PyOKR,可以量化响应任何定向刺激的二维眼睛跟踪运动,除了适用于任何类型的视频眼科设备。这种方法提供了自动过滤,选择慢速跟踪阶段,垂直和水平眼向量的建模,相对于刺激速度的眼动增益的量化,并将结果数据组织到可用的电子表格中,以进行统计和图形比较。这个定量和精简的分析管道,易于通过PyPI导入访问,提供OKR响应的快速和直接测量,从而促进视觉行为反应的研究。
    The study of behavioral responses to visual stimuli is a key component of understanding visual system function. One notable response is the optokinetic reflex (OKR), a highly conserved innate behavior necessary for image stabilization on the retina. The OKR provides a robust readout of image tracking ability and has been extensively studied to understand visual system circuitry and function in animals from different genetic backgrounds. The OKR consists of two phases: a slow tracking phase as the eye follows a stimulus to the edge of the visual plane and a compensatory fast phase saccade that resets the position of the eye in the orbit. Previous methods of tracking gain quantification, although reliable, are labor intensive and can be subjective or arbitrarily derived. To obtain more rapid and reproducible quantification of eye tracking ability, we have developed a novel semi-automated analysis program, PyOKR, that allows for quantification of two-dimensional eye tracking motion in response to any directional stimulus, in addition to being adaptable to any type of video-oculography equipment. This method provides automated filtering, selection of slow tracking phases, modeling of vertical and horizontal eye vectors, quantification of eye movement gains relative to stimulus speed, and organization of resultant data into a usable spreadsheet for statistical and graphical comparisons. This quantitative and streamlined analysis pipeline, readily accessible via PyPI import, provides a fast and direct measurement of OKR responses, thereby facilitating the study of visual behavioral responses.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在小鼠大脑中发现了由振荡视觉刺激引起的血管舒缩整体同步的存在。使用内源性自体荧光并对血管“阴影”进行定量以评估频率锁定血管运动的幅度。该方法允许使用广角宏观变焦显微镜或深脑纤维光度法在非转基因野生型小鼠中容易地定量血管运动。以低时间频率(0.25Hz)水平振荡的垂直条纹呈现给清醒的小鼠,锁定在视觉刺激的时间频率上的振荡血管运动不仅在初级视觉皮层中引起,而且在皮层和小脑的整个表面积上也引起。视觉诱导的血管舒缩适应于宽范围的刺激参数。视觉刺激表现的重复试验导致血管舒缩的塑性夹带。已知水平振荡视觉刺激诱导水平视动反应(HOKR)。已知眼睛运动的幅度随着重复的训练而增加,而小脑的絮状区对于这种学习的发生是必不可少的。这里,我们显示了小脑絮凝中平均HOKR性能增益与血管舒缩夹带量之间的强相关性。因此,血管舒缩和神经元回路的可塑性似乎同时发生。通过夹带的血管舒缩的有效能量递送可以有助于满足增加的协调神经元活动和随后的神经元回路重组的能量需求。
    The presence of global synchronization of vasomotion induced by oscillating visual stimuli was identified in the mouse brain. Endogenous autofluorescence was used and the vessel \'shadow\' was quantified to evaluate the magnitude of the frequency-locked vasomotion. This method allows vasomotion to be easily quantified in non-transgenic wild-type mice using either the wide-field macro-zoom microscopy or the deep-brain fiber photometry methods. Vertical stripes horizontally oscillating at a low temporal frequency (0.25 Hz) were presented to the awake mouse, and oscillatory vasomotion locked to the temporal frequency of the visual stimulation was induced not only in the primary visual cortex but across a wide surface area of the cortex and the cerebellum. The visually induced vasomotion adapted to a wide range of stimulation parameters. Repeated trials of the visual stimulus presentations resulted in the plastic entrainment of vasomotion. Horizontally oscillating visual stimulus is known to induce horizontal optokinetic response (HOKR). The amplitude of the eye movement is known to increase with repeated training sessions, and the flocculus region of the cerebellum is known to be essential for this learning to occur. Here, we show a strong correlation between the average HOKR performance gain and the vasomotion entrainment magnitude in the cerebellar flocculus. Therefore, the plasticity of vasomotion and neuronal circuits appeared to occur in parallel. Efficient energy delivery by the entrained vasomotion may contribute to meeting the energy demand for increased coordinated neuronal activity and the subsequent neuronal circuit reorganization.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    斑马鱼的眼睛在解剖学上与人类相似,并且与大多数啮齿动物模型相比,视锥光感受器的百分比更高,更类似于人类,使它们成为研究视觉的有益模型生物。然而,斑马鱼的不同之处在于它们可以在受伤后再生视神经,大多数其他动物不能。斑马鱼和许多其他脊椎动物的视觉,包括人类,可以使用视动反应(OKR)访问,这是跟踪物体时发生的一种天生的眼球运动。因为鱼不能使用视力表,我们利用几乎所有脊椎动物中存在的OKR来确定斑马鱼是否有视力。为此,我们开发了一种廉价的OKR设置,使用3D打印和现成的零件。此设置已由本科研究人员设计和使用,也可扩展到教室实验室设置。我们证明了这个设置对于评估OKR是完全有效的,我们用它来说明成年斑马鱼视神经损伤后OKR的恢复。
    Zebrafish eyes are anatomically similar to humans and have a higher percentage of cone photoreceptors more akin to humans than most rodent models, making them a beneficial model organism for studying vision. However, zebrafish are different in that they can regenerate their optic nerve after injury, which most other animals cannot. Vision in zebrafish and many other vertebrate animals, including humans, can be accessed using the optokinetic response (OKR), which is an innate eye movement that occurs when tracking an object. Because fish cannot use an eye chart, we utilize the OKR that is present in virtually all vertebrates to determine if a zebrafish has vision. To this end, we have developed an inexpensive OKR setup that uses 3D-printed and off-the-shelf parts. This setup has been designed and used by undergraduate researchers and is also scalable to a classroom laboratory setup. We demonstrate that this setup is fully functional for assessing the OKR, and we use it to illustrate the return of the OKR following optic nerve injury in adult zebrafish.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    光学动力学眼球震颤(OKN)是响应于观看者视觉环境的运动的反射眼球运动,包括在刺激方向上的缓慢相位眼球运动,然后在相反方向上的快速相位。当在床边测试时,缓慢的阶段代表平稳的追求,而快速阶段代表扫视。通常,OKN是共轭和对称的(水平和垂直)。视动反应的异常可以提供诊断和定位价值。我们描述了六种临床场景,其中OKN测试对执业神经科医生最有用。
    Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement in response to movement of the viewer\'s visual environment that consists of a slow phase eye movement in the direction of the stimulus followed by a quick phase in the opposite direction. When tested at the bedside, the slow phases represent smooth pursuit, while the quick phases represent saccades. Normally, OKN is conjugate and symmetric (horizontally and vertically). Abnormalities in the optokinetic response can provide diagnostic and localising value. We describe six clinical scenarios where OKN testing is most useful for the practising neurologist.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这项研究的目的是检查生存能力,精度,基于计算机的视动眼球震颤分析仪(眼球震颤仪)的一致性,用于诊断学龄前儿童的视力。将59名能通过最小分辨角度(LogMAR)视力表的受试者按年龄分为三组,4-,5-,和6岁的团体,用眼球震颤仪测试了他们的视力。记录每个年龄组中可以通过眼球震颤检测到的儿童百分比以及这些组之间的差异。使用相关系数方法找到了每个年龄组的两种方法的测试结果之间的相关性。重复测量用于评估测量的眼球震颤的两个视敏度值,比较了两种测量技术在不同年龄段的可重复性。眼球震颤对视力的总体可测性为93.22%,以及4-的可测量性,5-,6岁的人群占90%,95%,94.74%,分别。在所有年龄组中,受试者的可测量性没有统计学上的显着差异(P=1.0)。LogMAR视敏表的结果与眼球震颤仪测量的视敏度呈负相关。总体相关系数R值为-0.80,相关系数R值为4-,5-,和6岁组分别为-0.79,-0.76和-0.87。眼球震颤仪具有良好的可行性,准确度,和视力测试的稳定性,可用于儿童的视力测试。
    The purpose of this study is to examine the viability, precision, and consistency of a computer-based optokinetic nystagmus analyzer (nystagmus meter) for diagnosing eyesight in preschoolers. A total of 59 subjects who could pass the log of minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) visual acuity chart were divided into three groups by age, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old groups, and their visual acuity was tested with nystagmus meter. The percentage of children in each age group that could be detected by nystagmus was recorded along with the differences between these groups. The correlation between the test results from the two methods was found for each age group using the correlation coefficient method. Repeated measurements were used to assess the two visual acuity values of the measured nystagmus, and the repeatability of the two measurement techniques for different age groups was compared. The overall measurability of the visual acuity detected by nystagmus was 93.22%, and the measurability of the 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old groups was 90%, 95%, and 94.74%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the measurability of subjects among all age groups (P = 1.0). The outcomes of the LogMAR visual acuity chart had a negative correlation with the visual acuity measured by the nystagmus meter. The overall correlation coefficient R value was -0.80, and the correlation coefficient R value of the 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old groups was -0.79, -0.76, and -0.87, respectively. The nystagmus meter has good feasibility, accuracy, and stability in visual acuity testing and can be used for visual acuity testing in children.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    婴儿眼震综合征(INS)是一种以共轭为特征的凝视症,不受控制的眼睛振荡可能导致显著的视力丧失。INS通常与白化病有关,但机制尚不清楚。白化病小鼠有眼球震颤;然而,具有tyr突变的色素小鼠使其表型白化病,B6(CG)-Tyr(c-2J)/J(B6白化),没有经过测试。我们测试了B6白化病和对照小鼠的视动反应(OKR)。RNA-Seq在眼外肌(EOM)上进行,胫骨前(TA)肌,诱拐(CN6),和动眼神经(CN3)神经元来发现可能导致眼球震颤的分子差异。
    使用ISCAN系统测量OKR。从四种组织中分离RNA以鉴定差异表达的基因,并用qPCR和免疫组织化学进行验证。独创性途径分析确定了顶级生物学途径。
    所有测试的B6白化小鼠都有眼球震颤。差异RNA表达分析显示383个基因在EOM中差异表达,70在CN3中,20在CN6中,和639在TA中。两种基因在所有四种组织中差异表达:wdfy1和nnt。通过qPCR和免疫染色验证差异。
    B6白化小鼠的tyr突变,基因型色素和表型白化病,足以导致自发性眼球震颤。检测了B6白化组织中表达降低的两个基因,wdfy1和nnt,与其他系统的线粒体功能障碍和干细胞维持有关。它们在眼外肌中的功能尚不清楚。这些研究表明,这种眼球震颤小鼠模型可能允许分子鉴定候选眼球震颤相关基因。
    UNASSIGNED: Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is a gaze-holding disorder characterized by conjugate, uncontrolled eye oscillations that can result in significant visual acuity loss. INS is often associated with albinism, but the mechanism is unclear. Albino mice have nystagmus; however, a pigmented mouse with a tyr mutation making it phenotypically albino, the B6(CG)-Tyr(c-2J)/J (B6 albino), had not been tested. We tested optokinetic response (OKR) in B6 albino and control mice. RNA-Seq was performed on extraocular muscles (EOM), tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, abducens (CN6), and oculomotor (CN3) neurons to uncover molecular differences that may contribute to nystagmus.
    UNASSIGNED: OKR was measured using an ISCAN system. RNA was isolated from four tissues to identify differentially expressed genes and validated with qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Ingenuity pathway analyses identified top biological pathways.
    UNASSIGNED: All B6 albino mice tested had nystagmus. Differential RNA expression analysis showed 383 genes differentially expressed in EOM, 70 in CN3, 20 in CN6, and 639 in the TA. Two genes were differentially expressed in all four tissues: wdfy1 and nnt. Differences were validated by qPCR and immunostaining.
    UNASSIGNED: The tyr mutation in B6 albino mice, genotypically pigmented and phenotypically albino, is sufficient to result in spontaneous nystagmus. The two genes with decreased expression in the B6 albino tissues examined, wdfy1 and nnt, have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell maintenance in other systems. Their function in extraocular muscle is unknown. These studies suggest that this mouse model of nystagmus may allow molecular identification of candidate nystagmus-related genes.
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