在过去的十年中,已经发布了许多有关幼儿喂养建议的更新,但同时摄入趋势尚未评估.
这项研究的目的是通过使用2002年,2008年和2016年的喂养婴儿和幼儿研究(FITS)数据,评估美国0-47.9个月婴儿和儿童的能量和营养摄入量的充足性和趋势。
FITS是对婴幼儿父母/照顾者的横断面调查(FITS2002,n=2962;FITS2008,n=3276;FITS2016,n=3235)。使用营养数据系统进行研究,通过电话与训练有素的面试官一起评估饮食摄入量。计算平均±SE营养素摄入量。用17种营养素的营养充足率(NAR)和相应的平均充足率评估饮食充足性。
在调查中,能量和大量营养素的摄入量总体上是稳定的,但在6-11.9-mo-old和12-23.9-mo-old中观察到饱和脂肪和总糖的显着减少和纤维的增加(P趋势<0.0001)。所有年龄段的平均钠摄入量超过了充足摄入量(AI),而纤维摄入量普遍低于人工智能。NAR值最低的营养素是维生素D(范围为0.41-0.67/1.00)和维生素E(2008年和2016年范围为0.60-0.79/1.00)。对于铁,6~11.9个月婴儿的NAR值最低,为0.77~0.88/1.00,而12~47.9个月婴儿的NAR值为0.85~0.89/1.00.钾从12个月低到47.9个月(调查年的NAR范围为0.55-0.63/1.00)。平均摄入量下降最大的营养素是铁和维生素D和E在6-11.9-moold中,与2002年相比,2016年12-23.9-mo-old中的维生素D和钾。
美国婴儿和幼儿的饮食通常适合大多数微量营养素,并且随着时间的推移稳定。但钠摄入量太高,营养缺口仍然存在,尤其是维生素D,E,和不同年龄的纤维以及婴儿的铁。
Many updates to young child feeding recommendations have been published over the past decade, but concurrent intake trends have not been assessed.
The aim of this study was to evaluate adequacy and trends in energy and nutrient intakes of US infants and children aged 0-47.9 mo through use of Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) data from 2002, 2008, and 2016.
FITS are cross-sectional surveys of parents/caregivers of infants and young children (FITS 2002, n = 2962; FITS 2008, n = 3276; FITS 2016, n = 3235). Dietary intakes were assessed by telephone with trained interviewers using the Nutrition Data System for Research. Mean ± SE nutrient intakes were calculated. Diet adequacy was assessed with the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for 17 nutrients and the corresponding mean adequacy ratio.
Energy and macronutrient intakes were generally stable across surveys, but significant decreases for saturated fat and total sugars and an increase in fiber were observed among 6-11.9-mo-olds and 12-23.9-mo-olds (P-trend < 0.0001). Mean sodium intakes exceeded Adequate Intakes (AI) for all ages, whereas fiber intakes were universally below the AI. Nutrients with the lowest NAR values were vitamin D (range 0.41-0.67/1.00) and vitamin E (range 0.60-0.79/1.00 for 2008 and 2016). For iron, infants aged 6-11.9 mo had the lowest NAR values at 0.77-0.88/1.00, compared to 0.85-0.89/1.00 for 12-47.9-mo-olds. Potassium was low from 12 to 47.9 mo (NAR range 0.55-0.63/1.00 across survey years). The nutrients with the greatest decline in mean intakes were iron and vitamins D and E among 6-11.9-mo-olds, and vitamin D and potassium among 12-23.9-mo-olds in 2016 compared to 2002.
The diets of US infants and young children were generally adequate for most micronutrients and stable over time, but sodium intakes were too high, and nutrient gaps still existed, especially for vitamins D, E, and fiber across ages and for iron among infants.