背景:确定对人类和行星健康有益的饮食变得越来越重要。然而,到目前为止,关于儿童和青少年可持续饮食的研究有限,有特殊营养需求的弱势群体。
目标:我们的目标是:确定1)温室气体排放(GHGE)的主要决定因素和2)年龄和时间趋势,土地利用(LU),以及儿童和青少年饮食的用水(WU),和3)分析膳食GHGE的相关性,LU,和WU营养充足。
方法:分析了2000年至2021年之间DONALD(DORTmund营养和人体测量纵向设计)研究的5,510个3天称重的饮食记录(n=856;6-17y;48%‰)。GHGE值(kgCO2eq),LU(m2x年),和通过生命周期评估确定的WU(L)被分配到所有记录的食物。为了营养充足,使用平均充足率(MAR=∑(营养素摄入量/推荐摄入量)/营养素数量)。使用多项式混合效应回归模型分析数据。
结果:GHGE和LU的主要贡献者是肉制品(GHGE:25.6%;LU:32.8%),乳制品(22.2%;17.7%),及甜食及糕点(14.0%;14.3%);至吴,非酒精饮料(24.3%),肉制品(18.9%),以及蔬菜和水果(17.7%)。GHGE,LU,每1000kcal的WU随年龄增长而增加(p<0.01)。GHGE和LU每1000kcal在2000-2010年间增加,之后在女性(p<0.01)和男性(仅GHGE:p=0.02)中减少。WU没有发现显著的时间趋势(p>0.05)。较高的MAR与GHGE/1000kcal直接相关(MAR:β=0.011,95CI:0.008-0.013,p<0.0001),LU/1000kcal(MAR:β=0.009,0.005-0.013,p<0.0001)和WU/1000kcal(MAR:β=0.429,0.325-0.533,p<0.0001)。
结论:我们的发现强调了进一步的需求,也强调了向环境可持续饮食转变的能力。然而,儿童和青少年饮食中环境可持续性和营养充足性之间的权衡需要特别注意饮食组成。
Identifying diets beneficial for both human and planetary health has become increasingly important. However, to date, there is limited research on sustainable diets for children and adolescents, a vulnerable population group with specific nutritional needs.
We aimed to identify 1) the main determinants; 2) age and time trends of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), land use (LU), and water use (WU) of diets of children and adolescents; and 3) analyze the associations of dietary GHGE, LU, and WU with nutrient adequacy.
A total of 5510 3-d-weighted dietary records (n = 856; 6-17 y; 48% ♀) of the DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study between 2000 and 2021 were analyzed. Values of GHGE (kgCO2eq), LU (m2 × year), and WU (L) determined by life cycle assessment were assigned to all recorded foods. For nutrient adequacy, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR = ∑(nutrient intake / recommended intake) / number of nutrients) was used. Data were analyzed using polynomial mixed-effects regression models.
The main contributors to GHGE and LU were meat products (GHGE: 25.6%; LU: 32.8%), dairy products (22.2%; 17.7%), and sweets and pastries (14.0%; 14.3%); to WU, nonalcoholic beverages (24.3%), meat products (18.9%), and vegetables and fruits (17.7%). GHGE, LU, and WU per 1000 kcal increased with age (P < 0.01). GHGE and LU per 1000 kcal increased between 2000 and 2010 and decreased after that in females (P < 0.01) and males (GHGE only: P = 0.02). No significant time trend was found for WU (P > 0.05). A higher MAR was directly associated with GHGE/1000 kcal (MAR: β: 0.011, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.013, P < 0.0001), LU/1000 kcal (MAR: β: 0.009, 95%CI: 0.005, 0.013, P < 0.0001), and WU/1000 kcal (MAR: β: 0.429, 95% CI: 0.325, 0.533, P < 0.0001).
Our findings underscore the further need and the capacity for change toward more environmentally sustainable diets. Yet, the tradeoff between environmental sustainability and nutrient adequacy in the diets of children and adolescents requires specific attention to dietary composition.