OBJECTIVE: Comparing performance qualification procedures for low temperature vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization. Assessing conformity with draft standard ISO/DIS 22441.
METHODS: Qualification reports from several providers have been compared according to specific criteria: choices of cycles, loads, sterile barrier systems, probes, biological and chemical indicators; checking of packaging integrity and exposure to sterilizing agent.
RESULTS: Six out of 8 reports based on 4 distinct sterilizers have been performed by third-party providers. Routine and process challenge devices are respectively used in 6 and 3 of these reports. Sizes and masses are never mentioned whereas load configuration is always specified. All reports use at least one biological indicator and 50% of them use one chemical indicator at a minimum. Most frequent wrapping materials are Ultra® and Tyvek® bags (respectively 50% and 37.5% of reports). Each qualification monitors per process pression and temperature, and 37.5% of them also quantify hydrogen peroxide concentration. Packaging integrity and environmental exposure are checked in respectively 50% and 12.5% of all reports. All reports have received providers approval.
CONCLUSIONS: Qualification procedure is based on steam sterilization NF EN 14937 standard, which seems unsuitable for low temperature process. The lack of autonomy, the heterogeneity of loads and measurement choices reveal a low harmonization of practices. New standard should dispel the doubts about this heterogeneity.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify the main texts applicable to the practice of pharmacy in Quebec, then count the specific number of recommendations and criteria and describe the evolution of the legal and normative framework.
METHODS: This is a descriptive and retrospective study of the main texts applicable to the legal and normative framework for the practice of pharmacy on January 1st, 2019.
RESULTS: A total of 107 texts relating to the practice of pharmacy in Quebec were identified. They come from the legislator (53.1 %), the Order of pharmacists (26.1 %) or other organizations (20.8 %). These were laws/regulations (n=59), contributing to the optimal use of drugs (n=18), relating to hospital pharmacy management (n=18), the provision of pharmaceutical care (n=11), drug preparation (n=3), oncology practice (n=2) or health and safety at work (n=1). Thirty-three texts were considered for enumeration of recommendations and explicit criteria, for a total of 235 recommendations and 3703 explicit criteria applicable to the practice of hospital pharmacy in Quebec.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant increase in the number of texts, recommendations and criteria applicable to the practice of hospital pharmacy in Quebec. Compliance with this legal and normative framework appears to be a considerable challenge for hospital pharmacists. It seems worthwhile to further promote discussion with text-issuing agencies in order to keep the search for compliance realistic.

Pathogens represent a considerable and ever-present threat to animal health, agriculture-based economies, food safety, public health and food security. Whatever the origin of the event (natural, accidental or intentional), the standards set by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) enable countries to improve their organisation to reduce the risk, relying mainly on quality Veterinary Services, which can be assessed using the OIE Tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS). Setting up a surveillance and early detection system in line with OIE standards, underpinned by an animal health network involving a public-private partnership with veterinarians, farmers, hunters, laboratories and wardens of protected areas, makes it possible to deal with the appearance of any pathogens and to intervene rapidly to control and eradicate them. Emergency plans to deal with pathogens with the most serious repercussions on animal health, public health and the economy are vital and must be regularly assessed using simulation exercises in order to identify and implement any adaptations or improvements to them.
Les agents pathogènes constituent une menace considérable et permanente pour la santé animale, les économies fondées sur l’agriculture, la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, la santé publique et la sécurité alimentaire. Quelle que soit l’origine de l’évènement (naturelle, accidentelle ou intentionnelle), la prise en compte des normes de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) permet aux pays de mieux s’organiser pour diminuer le risque en s’appuyant notamment sur des Services vétérinaires de qualité, ceux-ci pouvant être évalués avec l’Outil pour l’évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS) de l’OIE. La mise en place d’un système de surveillance et de détection précoce en cohérence avec les normes de l’OIE, et reposant sur un réseau sanitaire axé sur un partenariat public-privé avec les vétérinaires, fermiers, chasseurs, laboratoires et gardes des espaces protégés, permet de faire face à toute éventuelle apparition d’agents pathogènes et d’intervenir rapidement pour les maîtriser et les éliminer. L’élaboration de plans d’urgence pour les agents pathogènes ayant les répercussions les plus graves pour la santé animale, la santé publique et l’économie est indispensable et ceux-ci doivent être régulièrement évalués par des exercices de simulation permettant d’éventuelles adaptations ou améliorations de ces plans sanitaires.
Los agentes patógenos suponen une amenaza permanente y considerable para la sanidad animal, las economías basadas en la agricultura, la inocuidad de los alimentos, la salud pública y la seguridad alimentaria. Sea cual sea el origen del acontecimiento (natural, accidental o intencionado), el hecho de tener en cuenta las normas de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) permite a los países organizarse mejor para reducir el riesgo, apoyándose básicamente en Servicios Veterinarios de calidad, que es posible evaluar con la herramienta de evaluación de las prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios (PVS) de la OIE. La instauración de un sistema de vigilancia y detección precoz que sea coherente con las normas de la OIE y descanse en una red sanitaria articulada a partir de la colaboración publicoprivada con veterinarios, productores agropecuarios, cazadores, laboratorios y vigilantes de espacios protegidos permite responder a toda aparición de agentes patógenos e intervenir rápidamente para controlarlos y eliminarlos. Es absolutamente indispensable elaborar planes de emergencia referidos a los agentes patógenos que tienen consecuencias más graves para la sanidad animal, la salud pública y la economía, planes que será preciso evaluar periódicamente mediante simulacros que sirvan para aportarles toda adaptación o mejora que se requiera.

Is the term cure adapted to psychiatry? Firstly, it is important to establish what this status represents. What is immediately clear is that the term cure cannot be addressed in isolation. Considering the term leads us to question notions such as those of disease and the norm, without forgetting the actual purpose of care. Cure can then be envisaged more as a \'possible\' for caregivers.

Compassionate care can appear ambiguous when subject to critical examination. The spotlight falls on the responsibility and activity of management with regard to policy guidance and the management of activities in the medical-social field. Discussion around this subject enables an assessment of current standards and ethical progress to be carried out.

Patients\' adherence to care has been built up over time. Violence is however an underlying reality in the field of care. Acts of violence are not only physical and relational. They can also be linked to the constant focus on costs and assessment which conveys a mutation of the references of the hospital sector.

Despite South African mid-sized companies\' efforts to offer HIV counselling and testing (HCT) in the workplace, companies report relatively poor uptake rates. An urgent need for a range of different interventions aimed at increasing participation in workplace HCT has been identified. The aim of this study was to explore qualitatively the influence of a lottery incentive system (LIS) as an intervention to influence shop-floor workers\' workplace HIV testing behaviour. A qualitative study was conducted among 17 shop-floor workers via convenience sampling in two mid-sized South African automotive manufacturing companies in which an LIS for HCT was implemented. The in-depth interviews employed a semi-structured interview schedule and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The interviews revealed that the LIS created excitement in the companies and renewed employees\' personal interest in HCT. The excitement facilitated social interactions that resulted in a strong group cohesion pertaining to HCT that mitigated the burden of HIV stigma in the workplace. Open discussions allowed for the development of supportive social group pressure to seek HCT as a collective in anticipation of a reward. Lotteries were perceived as a supportive and innovative company approach to workplace HCT. The study identified important aspects for consideration by companies when using an LIS to enhance workplace HIV testing. The significance of inter- and intra-player dialogue in activating supportive social norms for HIV testing in collectivist African contexts was highlighted.