Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a gene deletion on chromosome 7q11.23. Patients with WBS usually show a group of features such as developmental delay, cardiovascular anomalies, mental retardation, and characteristic facial appearance. It occurs in 1:7,500 live births and affects males and females equally. Recent studies showed that lower urinary tract symptoms were also frequent in WBS patients. However, there is extremely rare study report non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis as the main manifestation of Williams syndrome in children. We reported a child with non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and multiple bladder diverticula as the main implications of Williams syndrome. A 7.6-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital due to frequent micturition, urgency, and nocturnal enuresis for 4 years, and B ultrasound of urinary system revealed multiple bladder diverticula. The patient was found to have 7q11.23 deletion that involves the elastin gene for WBS. Multiple bladder diverticula in WBS patients can lead to many lower urinary tract symptoms. The treatment for the lower urinary tract symptoms in WBS patients with multiple bladder diverticula is lacking. Lower urinary tract symptoms should be considered as a significant indicator of the clinical diagnosis of WBS and have a significant negative impact on patient\'s quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe clinical characteristics and bladder assessment in children with Non-Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis (NMNE) in coastal region of Croatia.
METHODS: Records on 85 patients with NMNE were retrospectively reviewed. Bladder assessments were performed in all children. In this research we: (i) compare clinical characteristics and features of bladder assessment: uroflowmetry, post void residuals (PVR) and bladder wall thickness between boys and girls with NMNE and we compare (ii) clinical characteristics and bladder assessment between children with primary and secondary NMNE.
RESULTS: There were 46 girls and 39 boys. The total of 59 children had primary NMNE and 26 children had secondary NMNE. Uroflow pattern was abnormal in 42% of all children with NMNE. Abnormal uroflow pattern in children with NMNE was more often in girls than in boys (P < 0.05) and in children with secondary than in children with primary NMNE (P < 0.05). Ultrasound evidence of bladder wall thickness was more frequent in boys than in girls. Girls were more likely to have dysfunctional voiding and larger residual urinary volume than boys.
CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal uroflow pattern in children with NMNE was more often in girls than boys and in children with secondary than in children with primary NMNE.

Voiding postponement (VP) has been defined as a habitual postponement of micturition using holding maneuvers. VP can represent both a symptom, as well as a condition. As divergent definitions are used internationally, the aim was to review the current state of knowledge on VP and provide recommendations for assessment, diagnosis and treatment. A Scopus and a Pubmed search was conducted, entering the terms \'voiding postponement\' without any restrictions or specifications. Other publications relevant to the topic were added. VP can represent a symptom in healthy children. As a condition, VP in combination with nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a subtype of non-monosymptomatic NE. Most studies have focused on daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) with VP, or more aptly termed voiding postponement incontinence (VPI). It is a behaviorally defined syndrome, i.e., by the habitual deferral of micturition and DUI. VPI is associated with a low micturition frequency, urgency and behavioral problems. The most common comorbid disorder is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). VP as a symptom and VPI as a condition should be differentiated. VPI is a common disorder with many associated problems and disorders. Urotherapy and timed voiding are the main treatment approaches. Due to the high rate of comorbid ODD, other forms of treatment, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, are often needed.