黄芪在中药中广泛使用,表现出多种药理作用,包括免疫刺激,抗氧化,肝脏保护,利尿,抗糖尿病药,抗癌,和祛痰特性。其主要生物活性化合物包括黄酮类化合物,三萜皂苷,和多糖。黄芪多糖(APS),它的主要生物活性成分之一,已被证明具有多种药理活性,如抗氧化剂,免疫调节,抗炎,抗肿瘤,抗糖尿病药,抗病毒,保肝,抗动脉粥样硬化,造血,和神经保护作用。本文综述了APS治疗神经退行性疾病的分子机制和治疗效果。包括阿尔茨海默病(AD),帕金森病(PD),和多发性硬化症(MS)。它讨论了APS如何改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖水平,增强认知功能,通过调节多种途径如Nrf2、JAK/STAT、收费标准,和IMD。对于PD,APS通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路抑制ROS产生和促进自噬,从而保护神经元并稳定线粒体功能。APS还可以减少6-羟基多巴胺诱导的氧化应激和神经毒性,展示他们的神经保护作用。在MS中,APS通过PD-1/PD-Ls途径抑制T细胞增殖和减少促炎细胞因子表达来缓解症状。APS通过激活Sonichedgehog信号通路并促进神经干细胞分化为少突胶质细胞来促进髓鞘再生。这篇文章强调了重要的抗氧化剂,抗炎,免疫调节,和APS的神经保护药理活性,强调他们作为治疗神经退行性疾病的有希望的候选人的潜力。
Astragalus membranaceus widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, including immune stimulation, antioxidation, hepatoprotection, diuresis, antidiabetes, anticancer, and expectorant properties. Its main bioactive compounds include flavonoids, triterpene saponins, and polysaccharides. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), one of its primary bioactive components, have been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, hematopoietic, and neuroprotective effects. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of APS in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), Parkinson\'s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). It discusses how APS improve insulin resistance, reduce blood glucose levels, enhance cognitive function, and reduce Aβ accumulation and neuronal apoptosis by modulating various pathways such as Nrf2, JAK/STAT, Toll, and IMD. For PD, APS protect neurons and stabilize mitochondrial function by inhibiting ROS production and promoting autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. APS also reduce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, showcasing their neuroprotective effects. In MS, APS alleviate symptoms by suppressing T cell proliferation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway. APS promote myelin regeneration by activating the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and fostering the differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes. This article emphasizes the significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective pharmacological activities of APS, highlighting their potential as promising candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.