This EBCOG guidance reviews the current and future status of genomics within fetal and maternal medicine. This document addresses the clinical uses of genetic testing in both screening and diagnostic testing prenatally. The role of genomics within fetal and maternal medicine is described. The research and future implications of genetic testing as well as the educational, ethical and economic implications of genomics are discussed.

Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.

OBJECTIVE: The Council Directive 2013/58/EURATOM entered into force in 2014, and its transposition into national legislations became applicable in 2018. The Council Directive 2013/58/EURATOM strengthened the importance of clinical audits, and stated that Member States should ensure dosimetry audit compliance in accordance with national procedures. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to picture the status of the implementation of dosimetry audits in European countries.
METHODS: A questionnaire was designed to describe dosimetry audit standards in radiotherapy across European countries. The questionnaire was sent to 33 EFOMP National Member Organizations (NMO).
RESULTS: Nineteen NMOs responded to the survey (14 EU members). For 58% of the participating countries national regulations required dosimetry audits in radiotherapy departments. In 37% of the participating countries there were implemented regulations for independent/secondary dose verification, and in 21% of the participating countries similar procedures for dose verification were already implemented although not regulated by law. In 42% of the participating countries there were implemented mechanisms to review updates and advances in the field of radiotherapy.
CONCLUSIONS: The transposition and further implementation of the Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM was scarce, leading to heterogeneities in national policies about dosimetry audits.