Satureja是一种芳香植物,用于调味,香水,和食品制造由于其令人愉快的精油。现代医学研究揭示了Satureja精油的几种生物活性,包括抗真菌药,抗菌,抗病毒,抗氧化剂,抗癌,和抗炎。然而,尚未探索Satureja脂肪酸的功能特性。这项研究检查了脂肪酸谱,脂质营养质量,抗氧化剂,抗淀粉酶,和Satureja的抗脂肪酶能力。检查了Satureja脂肪酸通过Nrf2/NF-kB/NADH氧化酶途径对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞的抗氧化和抗炎参数的效率。用氯仿/甲醇/水溶液制备全脂提取物。用甲醇/硫酸试剂从全脂提取物中制备脂肪酸甲酯。使用气相色谱-质谱法分析脂肪酸谱。通过ABTS脱色测定总抗氧化剂。通过监测对硝基苯丁酸酯和淀粉的分解来测定脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性。巨噬细胞系在脂肪酸存在下在DMEM培养基中生长。使用FOX试剂监测处理的细胞中的过氧化氢产生。通过监测NADH分解来测量NADH氧化酶活性。NOX的表达,NF-kB,通过实时PCR在处理的细胞中测试NRF2和NRF2。Satureja脂肪酸的主要成分是亚麻酸(24.67-37.32%),棕榈酸(10.65-20.29%),亚油酸(8.31-13.39%),油酸(4.42-14.35%),硬脂酸(2.76-8.77%)和棕榈油酸(1.77-4.95%)。鉴于营养质量,omega-3PUFA(23.58-37.32%),SFA(21.53-26.70%),omega-6PUFA(10.86-16.14%),omega-9MUFA(4.42-14.35%),和ω-7MUFA(1.77-4.95%)包含大部分脂肪酸。Satureja脂肪酸具有有希望的不饱和指数(120.77-164.27),PUFA/MUFA(2.07-6.41),低胆固醇血症指数(2.44-3.47),健康促进指数(2.03-2.42),PUFA/SFA(1.37-1.94),营养价值指数(0.53-1.71),MUFA/SFA(0.30-0.80)omega-6/omega-3(0.34-0.65),致动脉粥样硬化指数(0.41-0.49),和血栓形成指数(0.17-0.27)。Satureja脂肪酸显示出强抗氧化能力(IC50为354至428µg/mL),抗脂肪酶能力(IC50范围为354至428µg/mL),和抗淀粉酶能力(IC50范围为370至390µg/mL)。LPS诱导NOX的表达,NRF2和NF-kB与巨噬细胞中过氧化氢的合成。在LPS刺激的巨噬细胞中,Satureja脂肪酸减少NOX表达,过氧化氢,和NF-kB表达,并在0.04mg/mL时增加NRF2。总之,Satureja脂肪酸具有有效的抗氧化剂,抗淀粉酶,抗脂肪酶,和抗炎活性。降低氧化应激标记的机制取决于在基因和蛋白质水平下调超氧化物产生酶。Satureja多不饱和omega-3脂肪酸可推荐用于健康产品,结合饮食疗法治疗肥胖,糖尿病,和氧化应激。
Satureja is an aromatic plant that is used for flavoring, perfume, and food manufacturing due to its pleasant essential oil. Modern medicine research revealed several biological activities of Satureja essential oil, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, the functional properties of Satureja fatty acid have not been explored. This study examined the fatty acid profile, lipid nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase, and anti-lipase capacities of Satureja. The efficiency of Satureja fatty acid on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory parameters in LPS-induced macrophage through the Nrf2/NF-kB/NADH oxidase pathway was examined. The whole lipid extract was prepared with chloroform/methanol/water solution. Fatty acids methyl ester from whole lipid extract were prepared with methanol/sulfuric acid reagent. The fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total antioxidant was determined by ABTS decolorization. Lipase and amylase activities were determined by monitoring the decomposition of p-nitrophenyl butyrate and starch. The macrophage cell line was grown in DMEM media in the presence of fatty acid. The hydrogen peroxide production in treated cells was monitored using the FOX reagent. NADH oxidase activity was measured by monitoring NADH breakdown. The expression of
NOX, NF-kB, and NRF2, were tested in the treated cells by real-time PCR. The main components of the Satureja fatty acid were linolenic acid (24.67-37.32%), palmitic acid (10.65-20.29%), linoleic acid (8.31-13.39%), oleic acid (4.42-14.35%), stearic acid (2.76-8.77%) and palmitoleic acid (1.77-4.95%). Given the nutritional quality, omega-3 PUFA (23.58-37.32%), SFA (21.53-26.70%), omega-6 PUFA (10.86-16.14%), omega-9 MUFA (4.42-14.35%), and omega-7 MUFA (1.77-4.95%) comprise the majority of fatty acids. Satureja fatty acid has a promising unsaturation index (120.77-164.27), PUFA/MUFA (2.07-6.41), hypocholesterolemic index (2.44-3.47), health-promoting index (2.03-2.42), PUFA/SFA (1.37-1.94), nutritive value index (0.53-1.71), MUFA/SFA (0.30-0.80) omega-6/omega-3 (0.34-0.65), atherogenicity index (0.41-0.49), and thrombogenicity index (0.17-0.27). Satureja fatty acid displayed strong antioxidant capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), anti-lipase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), and anti-amylase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 370 to 390 µg/mL). LPS induced the expression of
NOX, NRF2, and NF-kB and the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in macrophage cells. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, Satureja fatty acid reduced
NOX expression, hydrogen peroxide, and NF-kB expression and increased NRF2 at 0.04 mg/mL. In conclusion, Satureja fatty acids have potent antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-lipase, and anti-inflammatory activities. The mechanisms in lowering oxidative stress markers depended on down-regulating superoxide-producing enzymes at gene and protein levels. Satureja polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids could be recommended for healthy products combined with dietary therapy to treat obesity, diabetes, and oxidative stress.