Despite increasing recognition that there is a neurobiological basis of antisocial behavior in addition to its psychosocial foundation, much less is known about the specificity of the neurobiological findings to the psychiatric condition of antisocial personality disorder (APD). This article provides a review of research on genetic, brain imaging, neurocognitive, and psychophysiological factors in relation to assessments of APD. Findings show that there are significant genetic effects on APD, particularly related to the serotonergic system, as well as abnormalities in brain regions such as the frontal lobe. Associations between psychophysiological measures of autonomic nervous system functioning and APD are more mixed. Results indicating that APD has a significant genetic basis and is characterized by abnormalities in brain structure/function and neurocognitive impairments provide additional evidence that supports the conceptualization of APD as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Findings may also help inform treatment approaches that target neurobiological risks for APD symptoms.

Consciousness is most frequently defined as a subjective experience of mental processes. The phenomenon of consciousness has always been a subject of great interest in various fields of science, including psychiatry, and the most prominent scientists have engaged in research on it. The studies performed in recent years have brought about novel data on the evolutionary and neurobiological attributes of this phenomenon. In the first part of the article, the evolutionary concepts of consciousness are presented, going back to the beginnings of life on our planet. They are proposed by such illustrious scientists as Joseph LeDoux, Daniel Dennett, António Damásio, and Arthur Reber. Each of them presents the issue of consciousness in the context of evolution slightly differently. However, there are many similarities concerning the development of the nervous system and mental life. The second part discusses the novel research on the cognitive and neurobiological components of consciousness. Among many researchers of this issue, we chose the achievements of two British authors such as Chris Frith and Anil Seth. The neuroanatomical and perceptive aspects of both the level and context of consciousness are provided. Besides presenting the contemporary evolutionary and neurobiological concepts of consciousness, the article aims to bring closer the profiles of the prominent researchers of neuroscience mentioned here. This term can be translated into Polish as \"neuronauka\", although our country\'s most frequently used name is \"neurobiologia.\"

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 174 million women worldwide and is characterized by profound sadness, anxiety, irritability, and debilitating fatigue, which disrupt maternal caregiving and the mother-infant relationship. Limited pharmacological interventions are currently available. Our understanding of the neurobiological pathophysiology of PPD remains incomplete, potentially hindering the development of novel treatment strategies. Recent hypotheses suggest that PPD is driven by a complex interplay of hormonal changes, neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammation, genetic factors, psychosocial stressors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation. This narrative review examines recent clinical studies on PPD within the past 15 years, emphasizing advancements in neuroimaging findings and blood biomarker detection. Additionally, we summarize recent laboratory work using animal models to mimic PPD, focusing on hormone withdrawal, HPA axis dysfunction, and perinatal stress theories. We also revisit neurobiological results from several brain regions associated with negative emotions, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. These insights aim to improve our understanding of PPD\'s neurobiological mechanisms, guiding future research for better early detection, prevention, and personalized treatment strategies for women affected by PPD and their families.

Narcolepsy is mainly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, but the characteristic feature is abnormal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phenomena. REM sleep disturbances can manifest as cataplexy (in narcolepsy type 1), sleep paralysis, sleep-related hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder, abnormal dreams, polysomnographic evidence of REM sleep disruption with sleep-onset REM periods, and fragmented REM sleep. Characterization of REM sleep and related symptoms facilitates the differentiation of narcolepsy from other central hypersomnolence disorders and aids in distinguishing between narcolepsy types 1 and 2. A circuit comprising regions within the brainstem, forebrain, and hypothalamus is involved in generating and regulating REM sleep, which is influenced by changes in monoamines, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides. REM sleep is associated with brainstem functions, including autonomic control, and REM sleep disturbances may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Medications used to treat narcolepsy (and REM-related symptoms of narcolepsy) include stimulants/wake-promoting agents, pitolisant, oxybates, and antidepressants; hypocretin agonists are a potential new class of therapeutics. The role of REM sleep disturbances in narcolepsy remains an area of active research in pathophysiology, symptom management, and treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of REM sleep and its dysfunction in narcolepsy.

A 55-year-old male patient who had a history of schizophrenia for 20 years was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, in a tertiary care center. The patient presented with an exacerbation of symptoms for three months, with no apparent cause, leading to the suspicion of an underlying organic cause. The patient was overweight, was newly diagnosed as a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and also had swelling over his left ear. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain and laboratory testing that were done while he was in the hospital revealed the existence of a partially empty sella. With the MRI findings, it can be said that the partially empty sella and the occurrence of schizophrenia can be related to each other. In the existing literature, a few studies indicate the correlation between the two, and future studies can help with identifying the association.

UNASSIGNED: The advent of new clinical subtyping systems for Parkinson\'s disease (PD) has led to the classification of patients into distinct groups: mild motor predominant (PD-MMP), intermediate (PD-IM), and diffuse malignant (PD-DM). Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the early diagnosis, assessment of clinical progression, and prediction of prognosis of these PD subtypes. Additionally, we attempted to understand the pathological mechanisms behind white matter damage using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses.
UNASSIGNED: We classified 135 de novo PD patients based on new clinical criteria and followed them up after 1 year, along with 45 healthy controls (HCs). We utilized tract-based spatial statistics to assess the microstructural changes of white matter at baseline and employed multiple linear regression to examine the associations between DTI metrics and clinical data at baseline and after follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: Compared to HCs, patients with the PD-DM subtype demonstrated reduced fractional anisotropy (FA), increased axial diffusivity (AD), and elevated radial diffusivity (RD) at baseline. The FA and RD values correlated with the severity of motor symptoms, with RD also linked to cognitive performance. Changes in FA over time were found to be in sync with changes in motor scores and global composite outcome measures. Furthermore, baseline AD values and their rate of change were related to alterations in semantic verbal fluency. We also discovered the relationship between FA values and the levels of α-synuclein and β-amyloid. Reduced dopamine transporter uptake in the left putamen correlated with RD values in superficial white matter, motor symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction at baseline as well as cognitive impairments after 1 year.
UNASSIGNED: The PD-DM subtype is characterized by severe clinical symptoms and a faster progression when compared to the other subtypes. DTI, a well-established technique, facilitates the early identification of white matter damage, elucidates the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease progression, and predicts cognitively related outcomes. The results of SPECT and CSF analyses can be used to explain the specific pattern of white matter damage in patients with the PD-DM subtype.

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The recent worldwide surge of warfare and hostilities exposes increasingly large numbers of individuals to traumatic events, placing them at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and challenging both clinicians and service delivery systems. This overview summarizes and updates the core knowledge of the genetic, molecular, and neural circuit features of the neurobiology of PTSD and advances in evidence-based psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and digital treatments. While the complexity of the neurobiology and the biological and clinical heterogeneity of PTSD have challenged clinicians and researchers, there is an emerging consensus concerning the underlying mechanisms and approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PTSD. This update addresses PTSD diagnosis, prevalence, course, risk factors, neurobiological mechanisms, current standard of care, and innovations in next-generation treatment and prevention strategies. It provides a comprehensive summary and concludes with areas of research for integrating advances in the neurobiology of the disorder with novel treatment and prevention targets.

Significant stress in childhood or adolescence is linked to both structural and functional changes in the brain in human and analogous animal models. In addition, neuromodulators, such as noradrenaline (NA), show life-long alterations in response to these early life stressors, which may impact upon the sensitivity and time course of key adrenergic activities, such as rapid autonomic stress responses (the \'fight or flight response\'). The locus-coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NA) network, a key stress-responsive network in the brain, displays numerous changes in response to significant early- life stress. Here, we review the relationship between NA and the neurobiological changes associated with early life stress and set out future lines of research that can illuminate how brain circuits and circulating neurotransmitters adapt in response to childhood stressors.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comprehensively report the epidemiological and clinical features of atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) in children and adolescents.
METHODS: In May 2024, a systematic review was performed using Medline, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and relevant websites. Following PRISMA guidelines, 234 articles were screened for studies on DSM-5-defined AAN. A standardized checklist-the JBI critical appraisal tool-was adopted in assessing methodology, and 13 retained studies passed the screening and critical appraisal process for the final review. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess the risk of bias in cohort and case-control studies, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of methodological quality.
RESULTS: AAN prevalence in young age groups is 2.8%, with a cumulative 2.8% incidence over 8 years. Incidence is 366 per 100,000 person-years, and the average episode duration is 11.6 months, with a 71% remission rate. Diagnostic persistence for AAN is less stable than other restrictive feeding and eating disorders (FEDs). AAN individuals exhibit higher EDE-Q scores, more severe distress, and distinct BMI differences compared to those with anorexia nervosa and controls. The diagnostic transition from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 shows that AAN patients are predominantly female, slightly older, and with higher weight.
CONCLUSIONS: This study yields concrete insights into the features of AAN in the developmental age, highlighting demographic variations, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes. Recognizing the unique challenges faced by AAN individuals is vital for tailoring effective interventions and improving overall care within the FED spectrum.