Laser hair removal is a commonly used method in dermatology which is based on selective thermolysis and utilizes the appropriate wavelength, pulse width, and energy density to damage hair follicles. Given the prevalence of skin diseases such as psoriasis, dermatitis, and vitiligo, and the increasing popularity of laser hair removal, the aim of this study was to investigate the safety of laser hair removal in individuals with skin diseases. This retrospective study was conducted at the laser department of Razi Hospital on 99 patients who underwent laser hair removal. The exacerbation of disease after laser therapy was significantly associated with active skin disease (p = .021) and laser treatment at the site of the disease (p < .001). The incidence of Koebner phenomenon was significantly associated with age (p = .017) and the number of sessions with the ND-YAG device (p = .034). It is crucial to exercise caution when performing laser treatment on individuals with active skin disease and to avoid treating the affected area were possible. If necessary, it is recommended to delay laser treatment until the disease is under control for patients with active skin disease or those who wish to receive laser treatment at the site of the disease.

BACKGROUND: Denture stomatitis (DS) is an inflammatory disorder that affects the mucosal surface underneath the dentures and frequently causes oral mucosal irritation, discomfort, and altered taste perception, which prevents people from consuming enough nutrients. One of the main causes of DS is an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans (C. albicans). A possible alternative treatment for Candida infections is thought to be laser therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different wavelengths of laser would affect growth and pathogenic properties of Candida albicans.
METHODS: A concentration of 106 viable cells/ml of Candida albicans were used in the preparation process. Four groups were created from the specimens. Culturing of the control group was completed with no intervention. The other 3 groups received laser radiation for 60 seconds at a power of 1W. The 2nd and 3rd groups were irradiated with diode laser at a wavelength of 940 nm and 980 nm respectively. The 4th group was irradiated with Nd-YAG laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Turbidimetric growth was defined as variations in the optical density of fungal growth. These measures were made at three different times: baseline, 48 hours, and 72 hours.
RESULTS: In both groups of diode laser, the growth of Candida albicans showed no remarkable differences at baseline, after 48 and 72 hours using a power of 1 W and duration of 60 seconds. The Nd-YAG group showed significant increase in optical density after 48 hrs then significant decrease after 72 hrs. The optical density values in the control group showed no notable difference between the control and diode study groups at different time periods. However, the Nd:YAG group showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control and the 2 diode laser groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Different laser parameters have a different effect on growth and pathogenic properties of Candida albicans. Diode laser therapy with wavelengths 940 and 980 nm used in continuous mode with power of 1 W for duration of 60 seconds can result in proliferation of Candida albicans instead of destroying them. Nd:YAG laser, used in pulsed mode, with power of 1 W for a duration of 60 seconds can be used to destroy Candida albicans and therefore, can be used as an effective treatment for denture stomatitis.

Cutaneous papillomas or acrochorda usually appear after the 4th decade of life in areas with skin folds. Conventional methods of removal are associated with bleeding problems, pain and prolonged sequelae. Thus, acrochorda removal with lasers has gained attention. In this study, we compared the efficacy of two popular laser types with different wavelengths and pulse widths for removal of skin tags. A 60-year-old Korean male noticed skin tags on his neck bilaterally. All tags were treated in a single session, on one side with a picosecond (ps)-domain 532 nm Nd:YAG laser and on the contralateral side with a long-pulsed (LP) 755 nm alexandrite laser. The endpoint for the ps-532 laser was immediate whitening, while that for the LP and quasi-LP (QLP) 755 lasers were visible changes on the surface of the lesion. Antibiotic ointment was applied, dressing was done and clinical photographs were taken. Both lasers effectively removed the skin tags at all settings in a single session without bleeding and with minimal discomfort. Crust formation occurred on both sides with natural shedding within 1 to 2 weeks. Transient erythema lasted longer in the tags treated with the ps-532 laser. At the 5th month of follow-up, residual lesions were detected on the field treated with the ps-532 laser. No persistent side effects such as scarring or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) were observed. In conclusion, both the ps-532 nm Nd:YAG and the 755 nm alexandrite lasers ensured safe and effective removal of skin tags in a single session without adverse sequelae.

This study focused on identifying the effect of the laser wavelengths used in cleaning some manifestation damage appearing in pigments used on archaeological cartonnage preserved in the Egyptian Museum, Egypt. The manifestations of damage appear as mud, resin, color, dust and microbiological damage stains. Lasers were chosen as one of the modern applications that give good results when cleaning the pigment materials without making direct contact with the material. Accordingly, lasers with a wavelength of 532 and 1064 nm were tested to identify their effect on stains caused by pigments and to choose the best one for use in cases similar to those materials in the future. This study was conducted to identify the effect of the selected wavelengths and choose the best ones to apply to the archaeological model. The evaluations were conducted using several tests and analyses, such as digital microscopy, X-ray florescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Handy colorimetry to evaluate that effect of lasers with a wavelength of 532 and 1064 nm to remove stains. The experimental study demonstrated the good effect of the Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm compared with that of the 532 nm laser. The results of using the Nd:YAG laser proved the good effect of removing all stains compared with the 532 nm laser, which caused big changes when used to clean the stains on the pigment\'s surfaces; it also did not help in removing or reducing some stains such as mud stains. According to these results, the good effect of the Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) make it more suitable for cleaning than that of the Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), which is not recommended for use as it gave bad results when applied.

UNASSIGNED: Iris cysts are uncommon lesions, most of them are iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cysts which typically manifest in adults as unilateral single cysts, are typically asymptomatic and rarely require treatment. The most frequent location of IPE cysts is the iris periphery and the iridociliary sulcus, whereas pupillary cysts are rare. This observational case series aims to describe a unique occurrence of bilateral pupillary IPE cysts in three consecutive generations of a single family.
UNASSIGNED: The series describes eight patients of a single family with no consanguineous marriage. All patients have IPE cysts with remarkable abnormally-shaped pupils. The patients were examined at the slit-lamp and imaged with anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Three brothers (14, 19 and 28 years old) were symptomatic and suffered from hemeralopia and reduced visual acuity. ND-YAG laser was successful in relieving the symptoms in the two younger brothers. No recurrence or refill of the cysts occurred after laser application and no intra- or ppostoperative complications were observed during a 9-month follow-up. The older family members showed spontaneously shrunken IPE cysts.
UNASSIGNED: IPE cysts are considered idiopathic with an unclear origin. The rare familial incidence of the cysts suggests an autosomal dominant heredity pattern. Many theories were proposed to explain the origin of cysts and none is conclusive. Their principal clinical significance is their similarity to pigmented iris tumors, but they might also cause visual symptoms. Treatment modalities vary from less invasive chemical compounds and ND: YAG laser application to more invasive surgical procedures with disparate efficacy and safety. In the case of multiple cysts, examination of other family members is worthy even when asymptomatic and cardiac consultation of affected patients is warranted as IPE cysts may proclaim a coexisting cardiovascular abnormality, such as familial aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the changes in retinal, choroidal and optic nerve head vascular structures after Nd-YAG laser application due to posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery by Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
METHODS: Fifteen eyes of 15 patients who have posterior capsule opasification and underwent Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy were included in the study. OCTA imagings of patients were made before and one hour, one week and one month later after the laser procedure.
RESULTS: No significant change was determined before and after capsulotomy in macular thickness measurements, flow areas and vessel densities (all p > 0.05). Optic nerve head vessel densities and flow areas didn\'t differ preoperatively and postoperatively (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification has no detectable effect on macular and optic nerve flows and vessel densities.

Introduction Opacification of the posterior capsule is labeled as a secondary cataract. The objective of the current study was to assess central macular thickness (CMT) changes following neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (ND-YAG) posterior capsulotomy and to find out the correlation between CMT with the age, energy, and total shots utilized during the procedure. Methodology In this single-centered prospective observational study, 137 patients with a mean age of 57 ± 12.61 years, who had cataract surgery previously and were candidates for ND-YAG posterior capsulotomy were recruited through consecutive sampling. The study was conducted at Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust (LRBT) Free Eye Hospital, Township, Lahore, Pakistan, between April 2020 to April 2021. The CMT, total energy, and sum total of shots used were recorded. The thickness of the central macula was measured preoperatively and postoperatively after two weeks. The paired sample t-test was used to find out any significant changes in CMT pre and two weeks postoperatively. The comparison of changes in CMT to age, energy, and the total number of shots was made through Pearson correlation. Means of CMT were compared using an independent sample t-test, at two weeks postoperatively among two energy groups. Results No statistically significant differences were found between preoperative and two weeks postoperative values of the CMT (P-value= 0.209). No significant difference was found in CMT statistically among the two energy groups (p=0.11). The patient\'s age, sum total of laser shots, and aggregate of laser energy did not have any significant correlation with CMT changes. The time period between cataract surgery and ND-YAG surgery showed a moderately positive correlation with a p-value of 0.01. Conclusion The current study revealed that ND-YAG capsulotomy does not affect the CMT significantly postoperatively. The patient\'s age, total energy applied, and the total number of laser shots used do not influence the macular thickness. However, the length of duration from the last cataract surgery to the current surgery was significantly associated with a change in the CMT.

UNASSIGNED: Hyperpigmentation on the face and neck can be a devastating psychological burden in patients with Riehl\'s melanosis. However, successful treatment of the disease is challenging for clinicians.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of low-fluence neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in the treatment of Riehl\'s melanosis and to identify prognostic factors determining the response to laser treatment.
UNASSIGNED: We enrolled 10 Korean patients with Riehl\'s melanosis. The patients received 10~28 treatment sessions at 3-week intervals with low-fluence Nd:YAG laser.
UNASSIGNED: Among all the patients, seven reached near total improvement, and two and one patient reached marked improvement and minimal improvement, respectively, after low-fluence Nd:YAG laser treatment. The mean number of needed laser treatment sessions to reach marked improvement and near total improvement was 12.1±4.0 (ranged from 6 to 17) and 14.6±4.4 (ranged from 9 to 20), respectively. A further analysis revealed the proportion of patients who reached near total improvement was higher, and the mean number of necessary laser treatment sessions to reach minimal improvement was less in patients with dark brown pigmentation compared to those with light brown pigmentation. Among all patients, three complained of guttate hypopigmentation. However, the hypopigmented lesions spontaneously improved after the interruption of the treatment.
UNASSIGNED: We found that low-fluence Nd:YAG laser is an effective and safe treatment modality for Riehl\'s melanosis.

BACKGROUND: Fractional CO2 laser and Nd-YAG laser have been reported to have promising results in the management of keloids. So far, there have been no comparative studies between these laser modalities.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of fractional CO2, Nd-YAG, and a combination of both in the management of keloids.
METHODS: Forty-five keloid patients were divided into 3 equal groups: the first received fractional CO2 only, the second received Nd-YAG only, and the third received a combination of both lasers. Each group received its designated treatment every 4 weeks for 4 sessions. The improvement was evaluated by the \"Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale\" (POSAS). Detection of procollagen I mRNA by RT-PCR analysis was done.
RESULTS: The assessment by POSAS showed the most significant clinical improvement in the combination group and a less significant improvement in the fractional CO2 group, while the least improvement was seen in the Nd-YAG group. Molecular assessment via procollagen I yielded matching results.
CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the combination of fractional CO2 and Nd-YAG lasers has a synergistic effect being the most effective in the management of keloids, fractional CO2 being more effective than ND-YAG and Nd-YAG being the least effective.

UNASSIGNED: Vitreous floaters are a common and inconvenient phenomena. This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety in treating vitreous floaters using Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis.
UNASSIGNED: In this prospective double-blinded randomized clinical trial 24 eyes of twenty-four patients were randomized into intervention with YAG laser vitreolysis and control groups. Primary outcomes were visual disturbance on a 10-point scale, qualitative changes in a 4-level scale, contrast sensitivity measured with the Pelli-Robson table and the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25). Secondary results included objective change in vitreous opacities, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), variation in intraocular pressure (IOP) and other adverse events.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-one patients (21 eyes; 5 male, 16 female) were enrolled in this study (mean age 62 ± 7.9 years), three were lost during follow-up. In the YAG laser group, the 10-point visual disturbance score improved a mean of 4.7 points (p < 0.001) compared to the control group that improved 2.1 (p = 0.09). The YAG laser group reported greater subjectively symptomatic improvement (77%) than controls (25%). NEI VFQ-25 revealed improved general vision (75.8 versus 59.2; p = 0.037) and in mental health at 6 months (84.3 versus 70.3; p = 0.048). There was no significant difference in contrast sensitivity (p = 0.848) and in IOP (p = 0.505). No differences in adverse events between groups were identified.
UNASSIGNED: Vitreolysis with Nd:YAG laser improves visual results in patients with symptomatic vitreous floaters, without adverse events considered clinically relevant. Other trials with a larger number of participants are required to corroborate these results.