金属离子与人类病原体的化学反应对它们的生存至关重要,能源生产,氧化还原信号,和利基优势。为了调节和操纵金属离子,病原菌中存在各种酶和金属螯合剂。金属酶包含过渡金属如铁,锌,钴,和铜在他们的反应中心执行必要的代谢功能;然而,铁和铜变得越来越重要。Multicopper氧化酶具有在铜离子的帮助下在酚类底物上进行氧化还原反应的能力。据报道,它们来自肠杆菌科,即肠沙门氏菌,大肠杆菌,和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,但是它们在毒力中的作用仍然知之甚少。同样,超氧化物歧化酶参与减少氧化应激并允许病原体存活。它们在毒力和存活中的作用在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和结核分枝杆菌中已经确立。Further,为了确保在压力下生存,比如金属饥饿或金属毒性,病原体的氧化还原金属酶和金属运输系统积极参与金属稳态。最近,组学研究帮助提出了新的目标,以调节致病性菌株的定植潜力。目前的综述集中在氧化还原金属酶的主要作用,特别是人类致病菌的MCO和SODs。
The chemistry of metal ions with human pathogens is essential for their survival, energy generation, redox signaling, and niche dominance. To regulate and manipulate the metal ions, various enzymes and metal chelators are present in pathogenic bacteria. Metalloenzymes incorporate transition metal such as iron, zinc, cobalt, and copper in their reaction centers to perform essential metabolic functions; however, iron and copper have gained more importance. Multicopper oxidases have the ability to perform redox reaction on phenolic substrates with the help of copper ions. They have been reported from Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica, but their role in virulence is still poorly understood. Similarly, superoxide dismutases participate in reducing oxidative stress and allow the survival of pathogens. Their role in virulence and survival is well established in Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, to ensure survival against stress, like metal starvation or metal toxicity, redox metalloenzymes and metal transportation systems of pathogens actively participate in metal homeostasis. Recently, the omics and protein structure biology studies have helped to predict new targets for regulation the colonization potential of the pathogenic strains. The current review is focused on the major roles of redox metalloenzymes, especially MCOs and SODs of human pathogenic bacteria.