UNASSIGNED: Intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are common adjuvant treatments for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer post-surgery. Analyzing adverse events linked to these therapies, can assist in clinical decision-making and risk assessment.
UNASSIGNED: Disproportionality analysis was conducted to analyze data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database from the first quarter of 2004 to the first quarter of 2024, exploring potential positive signals between Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, mitomycin-C, epirubicin, gemcitabine, and adverse events.
UNASSIGNED: The database retrieved 2018, 140, 31, and 85 adverse event reports associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, mitomycin-C, epirubicin, and gemcitabine, respectively. Adverse reactions not mentioned in the label, such as aortic aneurysm and ocular congestion, were observed in preferred term level related to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Mitomycin-C exhibited specificity in skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases not reflected in the package insert. Gemcitabine-induced adverse drug reactions showed signals in vascular and lymphatic diseases meeting the screening criteria of all 4 indicators, with capillary leakage syndrome being the preferred term with the highest signal intensity.
UNASSIGNED: This study observed new adverse event signals, providing important assistance for drug selection in adjuvant therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer postoperatively.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of postoperative interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-α2b) ophthalmic drops versus intraoperative mitomycin-c (MMC) on preventing pterygium recurrence.
METHODS: This prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients who were candidates for pterygium surgery. A total of 75 patients were included in the study from December 2021 to December 2022, of which 64 patients (one eye each) were examined and analyzed based on the inclusion criteria. Then the patients were randomly assigned to control groups, intra-operative MMC (32 patients) and the intervention group, IFN-α2b drops after the operation (32 patients). All patients underwent pterygium surgery using the rotational conjunctival flap method.
RESULTS: In terms of pterygium grading, 8 (12.5%), 25 (39.06%), and 31 (48.44%) eyes were in grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average size of the pterygium was 3.6 ± 0.7 mm. The grade and size of pterygium had the same distribution in the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the level of post-operative clinical inflammation. The present study showed no significant difference in complications between the two groups (p = 0.999). The recurrence rate in the control group was 9.4% (3 eyes), and 0% (no recurrence) in the intervention group (p = 0.119).
CONCLUSIONS: interferon-alpha 2b group did not show a statistically significant difference in preventing pterygium recurrence compared to the mitomycin C group. The post-surgery administration of IFN-α 2b drops can effectively prevent pterygium recurrence with a comparable and even more compelling effect than MMC during surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of mitomycin C (MMC) applied during transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) on the corneal endothelium one week (W1) and three months (M3) after surgery and its determinants.
METHODS: In this two-armed cohort study conducted in 2022, eyes treated with MMC during TPRK (group 1) were compared with eyes not treated with MMC (group 2). The corneal endothelial cell (EC) count, EC density (ECD; cells/mm2), average (µm2), standard deviation (µm2), coefficient of variation (CV%), ECmax, ECmin, and EC percentage of hexagonality were estimated at W1 and M3. The postoperative changes in the EC count in the two groups were compared and correlated with the other independent variables.
RESULTS: Group 1 had 26 eyes, and group 2 had 78 eyes. All TPRK indices were significantly higher for the eyes in group 1 than for those in group 2. The MMC usage was not a significant predictor of the change in ECD (P=0.644), change in CV (P=0.374), and change in the percentage of hexagonality of EC (P=0.164) at W1. However, the use of MMC was a significant predictor of changes in CV (P=0.014) and the change in the percentage of hexagonality of EC (P=0.039) at M3. The duration of laser exposure and the size of the optical zone influenced the correlation of MMC use with the changes in EC indices, postoperatively.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of MMC doesn\'t affect ECD, CV, and percentage of hexagonality at W1 if other surgical indices are considered. At M3 after operating myopic eyes by TPRK, MMC significantly influence the CV and percentage of hexagonality. The duration of the laser application and the size of the optical zone should be considered when determining the effect of MMC on the EC indices.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal and prolonged healing response to retinal injury (retinal detachment, post retinal detachment surgery) characterised by: pre/subretinal membrane formation; retinal gliosis and retinal shortening, retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation; and increased glial (mainly Mu¨ller cells), fibroblast and inflammatory cell (macrophage, lymphocyte) activity, leading to tractional retinal holes/breaks and multiple costly eye operations suffered by patients. PVR can cause retinal re-detachment following primary surgical intervention for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Vitrectomy and scleral buckling surgery are the main approaches for treating PVR complications of retinal detachment. Patients require many operations to remove the scar tissue but vision results are suboptimal, and do not meet patient expectations. Over the past 40 years, this has been one of the greatest challenges for vitreoretinal surgeons and patients. Despite previous large clinical trials of multiple candidate drug therapeutics, no proven adjunctive treatment currently exists to either prevent, reduce, or treat PVR formation in retinal detachment. Both cellular proliferation and the intraocular inflammatory response are realistic targets for adjunctive treatments in PVR. The cellular components of PVR periretinal membranes (retinal pigment epithelial, glial, inflammatory and fibroblastic cells) proliferate and are thus targets for antiproliferative agents. In recent years, several new therapeutics have been tested, and we present an updated review of the clinical therapeutics for PVR in retinal detachment.

We report the impact of 1 vs. 2 doses of mitomycin-C (MMC) based chemoradiation (CRT) on patterns of treatment failure and long-term patient outcomes in anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) and the predictors for locoregional failure (LRF) and distant metastasis (DM).
In this population-based study, we identified all patients with anal cancer in our province treated radically with radiation and concurrent 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and 1 vs. 2 doses of MMC between the years 2000-2019. The primary outcomes analyzed were locoregional recurrence (LRR), disease free survival (DFS), ASCC cancer-specific survival (ASCC-CSS) and overall survival (OS).
451 patients were identified. 272 (60%) patients received 1 cycle of MMC (MMC1) and 179 (40%) received 2 cycles (MMC2) as part of the CRT regimen. The median follow-up was 57 (36-252) and 97 (38-239) months for MMC1 and MMC2, respectively. Cox Regression analysis showed stage IIIb and IIIc were associated with worse locoregional recurrence free survival (RFS) (HR=2.851, p=<0.001) and distant RFS (HR=3.391, p=<0.001). Similarly, stage IIIb and IIIc patients had poorer DFS (HR 3.439, p=<0.001), ASCC-SS (HR 3.729, p=<0.001) and OS (2.230, p=<0.001). The use of MMC2 showed a positive impact on improved ASCC-SS (HR 0.569, p=0.029) and distant RFS (HR 0.555, p=0.040) in patients with stage IIIb and IIIc.
Our analysis showed that 1 vs. 2 cycles of MMC along with 5FU and radiation is associated with comparable treatment outcomes in general. However, in patients with stage IIIb and IIIc cancer, 2 doses of MMC were associated with improved ASCC-SS and distant DFS.

UNASSIGNED: Peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) present a significant clinical challenge with poor prognosis, often unresponsive to systemic chemotherapy. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment approach for select patients. The use of curcumin, a natural compound with antitumor properties, in HIPEC is of interest due to its lower side effects compared to conventional drugs and potential for increased efficacy through direct delivery to the peritoneal cavity.
UNASSIGNED: An in vitro hyperthermic model was developed to simulate clinical HIPEC conditions. Three colon cancer cell lines (SK-CO-1, COLO205, SNU-C1) representing different genetic mutations (p53, KRAS, BRAF) were treated with either curcumin (25 µM) or mitomycin-C (1 µM) for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Post-treatment, cells were incubated at 37°C (normothermia) or 42°C (hyperthermia). Cell viability and proliferation were assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment using Annexin V/PI, MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion, and Hoffman microscopy.
UNASSIGNED: Hyperthermia significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of curcumin, evidenced by a two-fold reduction in cell viability compared to normothermia across all cell lines. In the SNU-C1 cell line, which harbors a p53 mutation, mitomycin-C failed to significantly impact cell viability, unlike curcumin, suggesting mutation-specific differences in treatment response.
UNASSIGNED: The findings indicate that hyperthermia augments the antitumor effects of curcumin in vitro, supporting the hypothesis that curcumin could be a more effective HIPEC agent than traditional drugs like mitomycin-C. Mutation-associated differences in response to treatments were observed, particularly in p53 mutant cells. While further studies are needed, these preliminary results suggest that curcumin in HIPEC could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC patients with peritoneal metastases. This approach may offer improved outcomes with fewer side effects, particularly in genetically distinct CRC subtypes.

Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND) is a rare non-inflammatory disease observed primarily in middle-aged women. The disease generally occurs in patients with chronic inflammation of the anterior ocular surface. Its etiopathogenesis remains poorly investigated. This literature review describes clinical manifestations, risk factors and diagnostic methods, evaluates the effectiveness of different therapeutic and surgical treatment methods. Understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, precise diagnosis and identification of the risk factors can help clinical physicians make the optimal choice of treatment strategy and achieve the best clinical outcomes.
Узелковая дегенерация Зальцмана представляет собой редкое невоспалительное заболевание, чаще встречающееся среди женщин среднего возраста. Как правило, заболевание возникает в случаях сопутствующего хронического воспаления передней поверхности глаза. При этом этиопатогенез заболевания остается недостаточно изученным. В представленном обзоре описаны клинические проявления, факторы риска, методы диагностики, дана оценка эффективности применения различных терапевтических и хирургических методов. Понимание патогенетических механизмов, точная диагностика и выявление существующих факторов риска могут помочь клиницисту в выборе оптимальной тактики лечения и способствуют достижению максимальных клинических результатов.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was featured as spontaneous rupture hemorrhage under intratumoral overpressure. Spontaneous rupture hepatocellular carcinoma (srHCC) has a high propensity for peritoneal metastasis (PM). Although HIPEC has become standard treatment for malignancies with PM, it has been poorly described in srHCC. We conducted a single-arm, open-label, single-center, prospective study to explore the prophylactic role of MMC-based HIPEC on PM of srHCC. A total of 7 patients were collected from April 1, 2021 to April 30, 2022. HIPEC was conducted 3 times on the first, third and fifth postoperative days. 15 mg/m2 of MMC was used with 60 minutes perfusion at 43°C. The primary end-point was local peritoneum recurrence free survival (RFS), whereas the secondary end-point was systemic RFS and overall survival (OS). The mean hepatectomy operation time was 232 minutes (SD: 124.08 minutes). The median bleeding loss was 200 mL (range 50-400 mL). The mean hospital stay was 13 days (SD: 3.42 days). Only mild abdominal distension was reported in 4 patients (57%). There were no patients who suffered from life-threatening intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal complications (EAC). At the data cut-off (April 30, 2023), one patient (14%) had died due to cachexia. Local peritoneal recurrence occurred in three patients (43%). Median follow-up was 16.1 months (IQR: 12.8-16.6 months). Median local peritoneum RFS was 12.3 months (95% CI: 7.0- 17.5; 4 events) and median overall RFS was 7.5 months (95% CI: 4.2-10.8; 6 events). MMC-based HIPEC was safe and feasible in selected patients of srHCC. It showed a positive tendency in preventing PM, but large-scale research should be continued.

This paper describes a technique for using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to visualize internal bleb microstructure and objectively quantify dimensions of the scleral flap and trabeculo-Descemet window (TDW) in non-penetrating glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). This was a cross-sectional study of 107 filtering blebs of 67 patients who had undergone deep sclerectomy surgery at least 12 months prior. The mean post-operative follow-up duration was 6.5 years +/- 4.1 [standard deviation (SD)]. The maximal bleb height was significantly greater in the complete success (CS) blebs compared to the qualified success (QS) and failed (F) blebs (1.48 vs. 1.17 vs. 1.10 mm in CS vs. QS vs. F, one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). In a subcohort of deep sclerectomy blebs augmented by intraoperative Mitomycin-C, the trabeculo-Descemet window was significantly longer in the complete success compared to the qualified success group (613.7 vs. 378.1 vs. 450.8 µm in CS vs. QS vs. F, p = 0.004). The scleral flap length, thickness, and width were otherwise similar across the three outcome groups. The quantification of surgical parameters that influence aqueous outflow in non-penetrating GFS can help surgeons better understand the influence of these structures on aqueous outflow and improve surgical outcomes.

UNASSIGNED: The effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) on the reduction of endothelial cell count in the cornea remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the effect of MMC on corneal endothelial cell parameters after refractive surface ablation procedures, including photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).
UNASSIGNED: In this interventional, comparative, follow-up study, 342 eyes of 171 patients were followed up for 6 months. Patients undergoing PRK or LASEK were included and were divided into two groups: group one (188 eyes of 94 patients) with an ablation depth of ≥ 65 µm and who received intraoperative 0.02% MMC for 30 s, and group two (154 eyes of 77 patients) with an ablation depth of < 65 µm and who received balanced salt solution for 30 s. Changes in endothelial cell density (ECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), coefficient of variation (CV), and hexagonality values were compared between the groups at 3 and 6 months after surgery.
UNASSIGNED: The mean (standard deviaiton [SD]) age of the patients was 28.11 (6.56) years. The mean (SD) ECD did not change significantly in either group between the baseline and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The baseline mean ECD was significantly higher in group one than that in group two (P < 0.001) and remained so at 3 (P = 0.002) and 6 months (P = 0.022) postoperatively. The baseline hexagonality value was lower in group one (P = 0.173), with a gradual decrease during the postoperative follow-up as compared with that in group two (P = 0.016 and 0.001 at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively). Group one had a significantly lower CCT at 3 and 6 months postoperatively (both P < 0.001) and a higher mean CV (3 months: P = 0.028; 6 months: P = 0.328).
UNASSIGNED: A single intraoperative application of MMC for 30 s as prophylaxis for corneal haze development during refractive surface ablation procedures had no significant effect on ECD up to 6 months postoperatively. Future studies with a contralateral-eye design (to neutralize factors specific to the individual patient), a larger sample size, and longer follow-up are necessary to confirm or disprove our observations.