Memoria

Memoria
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:本研究旨在分析癫痫和手术变量与术后记忆表现之间的关系,术后因海马硬化(HS)引起的难治性内侧颞叶癫痫(MTLE)。
    方法:回顾了201例MTLE/HS手术患者的即时和晚期随访的逻辑记忆(LM)和视觉记忆(VM)评分。用年龄和教育程度相匹配的54名健康个体的对照组对分数进行标准化。计算可靠变化指数(RCI)以验证晚期LM和VM分数的个体记忆变化。使用LM和VM评分以及临床变量对RCI进行多元线性回归分析。
    结果:总共112例(56%)患者有正确的HS。右HS组的RCI显示6例(7%)患者在晚期LM中表现出改善,而5例(6%)患者表现出降低的评分;对于晚期VM,7例(8%)患者出现改善,2例(3%)患者的评分较差。左HS组的RCI显示3(3%)个人得分提高,而5例(4%)患者的晚期LM评分恶化;对于晚期VM,3例(3%)患者得分较高,6例(5%)得分较低。左HS和首次癫痫发作时的高龄是晚期LM丢失的预测因素(p<0.05)。
    结论:左MTLE/HS和高龄时癫痫发作是晚期LM恶化的预测因素。我们观察到左侧HS组的基线LM功能较差,而一些切除右侧MTL的患者的LM改善。正确的HS组患者的VM和LM评分的术后可靠改善百分比更高。
    OBJECTIVE: This study was performed with the purpose of analysing the relationship between epileptological and surgical variables and post-operative memory performance, following surgery for refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS).
    METHODS: Logical memory (LM) and visual memory (VM) scores for immediate and late follow-up of 201 patients operated for MTLE/HS were reviewed. Scores were standardized with a control group of 54 healthy individuals matched for age and education. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) was calculated to verify individual memory changes for late LM and VM scores. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with the RCI, using LM and VM scores as well as the clinical variables.
    RESULTS: A total of 112 (56%) patients had right HS. The RCI of the right HS group demonstrated that 6 (7%) patients showed improvement while 5 (6%) patients showed decreased scores in late LM; for late VM, 7 (8%) patients presented improvement, and 2 (3%) patients showed poorer scores. RCI of the left HS group showed that 3 (3%) individuals showed improved scores, while scores of 5 (4%) patients worsened for late LM; for late VM, 3 (3%) patients presented higher scores and 6 (5%) showed lower scores. Left HS and advanced age at onset of the first epileptic seizure were predictors of late LM loss (p<.05).
    CONCLUSIONS: Left MTLE/HS and seizure onset at advanced ages were predictive factors for the worsening of late LM. We observed poorer baseline LM function in the left HS group and improvement of LM in some patients who had resection of the right MTL. Patients in the right HS group showed a higher percentage of reliable post-operative improvement for both VM and LM scores.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:在过去的几十年中,电惊厥治疗的安全性大大提高,使对记忆和其他神经认知功能的潜在不利影响成为目前关注的主要临床方面。在哥伦比亚,普通人群和医疗保健专业人员(甚至一些精神科医生)似乎对电惊厥疗法治疗大多有负面意见,但如果提供更多信息,也许可以重新考虑;因此,本研究的目的是评估一组重度抑郁症患者在电惊厥治疗前后的记忆变化和症状严重程度。
    方法:23名年龄在23至70岁之间的患者来自SanJuandeDios诊所的电惊厥治疗服务(Manizales,招募哥伦比亚)是为了评估电惊厥疗法对重度抑郁症患者记忆的影响。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和Rey听觉言语学习测验(RAVLT)评估抑郁症状和记忆力。分别。在电惊厥治疗系列的初始治疗之前(0-1天)和最后一次治疗后2天,对参与者进行评估。
    结果:电惊厥治疗可显著改善抑郁评分。在五项学习试验中没有显着差异,延迟召回,从治疗前到治疗后的学习和遗忘得分。在延迟识别试验中发现显著的治疗前/治疗后差异。
    结论:电惊厥治疗前后认知评估是一种可行且有用的方法。总的来说,抑郁症患者在电惊厥治疗后,记忆表现不会恶化。电惊厥治疗后几天,只有延迟识别受到影响,特别是在低教育水平和双颞叶(BT)电极放置的患者中。
    BACKGROUND: The safety of electroconvulsive therapy has improved greatly over the last decades, making the potentially adverse effects on memory and other neurocognitive functions the main clinical aspect of concern in the present. In Colombia, the general population and healthcare professionals (even some psychiatrists) seem to have mostly negative opinions towards electroconvulsive therapy treatment, but maybe this could be reconsidered if more information is provided; therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in memory and the severity of the symptoms in a group of patients with severe depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy.
    METHODS: Twenty-three patients ranging in age from 23 to 70 years from the electroconvulsive therapy service at the San Juan de Dios Clinic (Manizales, Colombia) were recruited in order to assess the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on memory in patients with severe depression. Depressive symptoms and memory were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), respectively. The assessment was administered to participants before the initial treatment of electroconvulsive therapy series (0-1 day) and 2 days after their last treatment.
    RESULTS: Electroconvulsive therapy resulted in significant improvement in the rating of depression. There were no significant differences in the five learning trials, delayed recall, learning and forgetting scores from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Significant pre-treatment/post-treatment differences were found in the delayed recognition trial.
    CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and post- electroconvulsive therapy cognitive assessment is a feasible and useful procedure. In general, memory performance does not worsen after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression. Only delayed recognition is affected a few days following electroconvulsive therapy, particularly in patients with low educational level and bitemporal (BT) electrode placement.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    BACKGROUND: The acquired brain damage is a common neurological disorder.
    OBJECTIVE: Determine the probabilistic intersections of variables related to acquired brain damage from the determination of a priori and a posteriori probabilities.
    METHODS: Analytical retrospective study. A descriptive analysis was carried out, confidence intervals were calculated to obtain the mean and the proportion with α = 0.05 considering the age of the patient and the diagnosis. An analysis of probabilistic intersection, a priori and a posteriori probability was performed considering diagnosis, sex and age decade; finally, chi squared was calculated.
    RESULTS: 736 patients were analyzed. The most frequent diagnosis was language disorder. The patients diagnosed with memory disorder were the youngest and those diagnosed with degenerative cognitive disorder the oldest. The probability that a patient with sequelae due to acquired brain damage arrives at the hospital, at the language pathology service, to be diagnosed with a language disorder and that this patient is also a man is 29.06%.
    CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of short and long-term disability generated by acquired brain damage highlights the importance of an early and timely detection and diagnosis so that it favors prompt and efficient specialized care.
    BACKGROUND: El daño cerebral adquirido es un trastorno neurológico común.
    OBJECTIVE: Determinar las intersecciones probabilísticas de variables relacionadas con daño cerebral adquirido a partir de la determinación de probabilidades a priori y a posteriori.
    UNASSIGNED: Estudio retrospectivo analítico. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y se calcularon intervalos de confianza para la media y para la proporción con α = 0.05 considerando la edad del paciente y el diagnóstico. Se realizó análisis de intersección probabilística, probabilidad a priori y a posteriori considerando el diagnóstico, el sexo y la década de edad; por último, se utilizó la prueba χ2.
    RESULTS: Se analizaron 736 pacientes. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el trastorno del lenguaje. Los pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de memoria fueron los más jóvenes y los diagnosticados con trastorno cognitivo degenerativo los más longevos. La probabilidad de que llegue al hospital, al servicio de patología de lenguaje, un paciente con secuelas por daño cerebral adquirido, sea diagnosticado con trastorno del lenguaje y sea hombre es del 29.06%.
    CONCLUSIONS: La alta prevalencia de discapacidad a corto y largo plazo generada por el daño cerebral adquirido indica la importancia de la detección y el diagnóstico temprano y oportuno que favorezcan una pronta y eficiente atención especializada.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Enforced disappearance represents the quintessence of human rights violations with a strong psychological component. Bodies vanishing have a deterrent effect by terrorizing and paralyzing the entire society. However, the absence of those bodies is overly present in the inner experience of the families of the disappeared, who are victims in their turn. A state of severe psychological deterioration affects the relatives of the disappeared: depression, anxiety, powerlessness, guilt, post-traumatic stress disorder, inability to mourn, even suicide are the consequences of the unbearable uncertainty about the fate of the loved one. But the disappeared persons, notwithstanding the absence of their bodies, continue to be more present than ever in the inner experience of those who have loved them. For the families of the disappeared, to regain psychological equilibrium is a fine balance between the need to remember and the necessity to forget. The author affirms that, at a social and political level, to cultivate a collective memory of enforced disappearance is an ethical duty which validates the actual occurrence of the atrocities, helps prevent repetition and alleviates the transgenerational transmission of trauma.
    Les disparitions forcées représentent la quintessence des violations des droits humains avec une forte composante psychologique. Les corps que l’on ne retrouve pas sont un moyen de dissuasion qui opère en terrorisant et paralysant la société toute entière. L’absence de ces corps est excessivement présente dans l’expérience intérieure des familles de ces disparus ; elles deviennent des victimes à leur tour. Un état de détérioration psychologique aigu affecte les membres de la famille du disparu : dépression, angoisse, sentiment d’impuissance, culpabilité, syndrome post-traumatique, incapacité à faire le deuil, et même le suicide sont les conséquences de l’insupportable incertitude concernant le destin de la personne aimée. Les personnes disparues, du fait de l’absence de leur dépouille, continuent d’être plus que jamais présentes dans l’expérience intérieure de ceux qui les ont aimées. Pour les familles des disparus, retrouver une stabilité psychologique se trouve dans un équilibre délicat entre le besoin de se souvenir et la nécessité d’oublier. L’auteur soutient qu’au niveau social et politique, cultiver une mémoire collective des disparitions forcées est un devoir éthique qui confirme que des atrocités ont bien eu lieu, qui aide à en prévenir la répétition et qui allège la transmission transgénérationnelle du traumatisme.
    Das Verschwindenlassen ist die Quintessenz von Menschenrechtsverletzungen mit einer starken psychologischen Komponente. Verschwindende Körper wirken abschreckend, indem sie die gesamte Gesellschaft terrorisieren und lähmen. Die Abwesenheit dieser Körper ist jedoch in der inneren Erfahrung der Familien der Verschwundenen, die ihrerseits Opfer sind, allzu präsent. Ein Zustand schwerer psychischer Verschlechterung trifft die Angehörigen der Verschwundenen: Depressionen, Angstzustände, Ohnmacht, Schuldgefühle, posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen, Trauerunfähigkeit bis hin zum Suizid sind die Folgen der unerträglichen Ungewißheit über das Schicksal der geliebten Menschen. Aber die verschwundenen Personen sind trotz der Abwesenheit ihrer Körper weiterhin präsenter denn je in der inneren Erfahrung derer, die sie geliebt haben. Für die Familien der Verschwundenen erfordert die Wiedererlangung des psychologischen Gleichgewichts ein feines Ausbalancieren der Notwendigkeit, sich zu erinnern und der Notwendigkeit zu vergessen. Die Autorin unterstreicht, daß die Pflege einer kollektiven Erinnerung an das Verschwindenlassen auf sozialer und politischer Ebene eine ethische Pflicht ist, die das tatsächliche Auftreten der Greueltaten bestätigt, Wiederholungen verhindert und die generationsübergreifende Übertragungen von Traumata lindert.
    Le sparizioni forzate rappresentano la quintessenza delle violazioni dei diritti umani con una forte componente psicologica. La scomparsa dei corpi ha un effetto deterrente, terrorizzando e paralizzando l’intera società. Inoltre, l’assenza di questi corpi è enormemente presente nell’esperienza interiore delle famiglie degli scomparsi, a loro volta vittime. Una stato di grave deterioramento psicologico accompagna i parenti dello scomparso: depressione, ansia, impotenza, senso di colpa, disturbo da stress post-traumatico, incapacità di elaborare il lutto, perfino il suicidio sono le conseguenze di una insostenibile incertezza sulla sorte della persona amata. Ma le persone scomparse, nonostante l’assenza del loro corpo, continuano ad essere più presenti che mai nell’esperienza interiore di coloro che le hanno amate. Per le famiglie degli scomparsi, ricostruire l’equilibrio psicologico è una linea sottile tra il bisogno di ricordare e la necessità di dimenticare. L’Autrice afferma che, ad un livello sociale e politico, coltivare una memoria collettiva delle sparizioni forzate è un dovere etico che offre una convalida delle atrocità commesse, aiuta a prevenire la ripetizione ed allevia la trasmissione transgenerazionale del trauma.
    Насильственное исчезновение представляет собой квинтэссенцию нарушения прав человека, в котором есть сильный психологический компонент. Физическое исчезновение оказывает устрашающее действие, терроризируя и парализуя все общество. Однако физическое отсутствие в избытке оборачивается присутствием во внутренних переживаниях у членов семей исчезнувших людей, которые сами, в свою очередь, становятся жертвами. Психологическое состояние родственников исчезнувших значимо ухудшается: вследствие непереносимой неопределенности судьбы близкого человека развиваются депрессия, тревога, бессилие, чувство вины, посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство, неспособность скорбеть, вплоть до случаев самоубийства. Однако исчезнувшие, несмотря на физическое отсутствие, по-прежнему, и даже в большей степени, присутствуют во внутренних переживаниях тех, кто их любил. Для семей исчезнувших восстановление психологического равновесия - это достижение хрупкого баланса между потребностью помнить и потребностью забыть. Автор утверждает, что на социальном и политическом уровне сохранение коллективной памяти о насильственных исчезновениях является этическим долгом, благодаря которому подтверждается факт совершения преступлений, появляется возможность предотвратить их повторение и останавливается трансгенерационная передача травмы.
    La desaparición forzada representa la quintaesencia de las violaciones de derechos humanos con un fuerte componente psicológico. La desaparición de cuerpos tiene un efecto disuasorio al aterrorizar y paralizar a toda la sociedad. Sin embargo, la ausencia de esos cuerpos está excesivamente presente en la experiencia interior de las familias de los desaparecidos, que son víctimas a su vez. Un estado de grave deterioro psicológico afecta a los familiares de los desaparecidos: depresión, ansiedad, impotencia, culpabilidad, trastorno de estrés postraumático, incapacidad para el duelo, incluso suicidio son las consecuencias de la insoportable incertidumbre sobre la suerte del ser querido. Pero las personas desaparecidas, a pesar de la ausencia de sus cuerpos, siguen estando más presentes que nunca en la experiencia interior de quienes las han amado. Para las familias de los desaparecidos, recuperar el equilibrio psicológico es un delicado equilibrio entre la necesidad de recordar y la necesidad de olvidar. La autora afirma que, a nivel social y político, cultivar una memoria colectiva de la desaparición forzada es un deber ético que valida la ocurrencia real de las atrocidades, ayuda a prevenir su repetición y alivia la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma.
    强迫失踪的受害者:消失的身体, 内心的存在 强迫失踪是侵犯人权的精髓, 具有强烈的心理因素。身体的消失给整个社会带来恐吓和麻痹, 进而产生了威慑的作用。然而, 这些身体的消失过度地存在于失踪者家属的内心体验中, 他们也是受害者。严重的心境恶化影响着失踪者的亲属, 造成抑郁、焦虑、无力感、内疚、创伤后应激障碍、无力哀悼, 甚至自杀, 这些都源于难以忍受亲人命运的不确定性。虽然, 失踪者的身体不在了, 但他们仍然比以往任何时候都更多地出现在爱他们的人的内心中。对于失踪者的家人来说, 要恢复心理平衡, 需得在记忆的需要和遗忘的需要之间的找到一种微妙的平衡。作者申明, 在社会和政治层面上, 培养对强迫失踪的集体记忆是一种道德责任, 它证实了暴行的实际发生, 有助于防止重复发生, 并减轻创伤的跨代传播。.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:尽管在区分阿尔茨海默病(AD)和额颞叶痴呆(bvFTD)的行为变异的诊断标准中考虑了记忆障碍的缺失,当前和越来越多的证据表明,相当比例的bvFTD病例存在情景记忆缺陷。为了比较AD和bvFTD患者的命名能力和情景记忆的表现,设计了本研究。
    方法:对照组(32人)的横断面和分析研究。该研究包括42名可能患有AD的人和22名可能患有bvFTD的人,都超过60岁。使用西班牙语验证的统一数据集工具:多语言命名测试(MINT),Craft-21的历史和本森的复杂人物,在其他人中。
    结果:AD患者的平均年龄更高。BvFTD患者的命名能力远低于AD患者,根据MINT和名词/动词命名系数测量。所有患有bvFTD的患者,73.81%的AD患者和只有31.25%的对照组未能识别Benson的复杂数字。所有差异均具有统计学意义(p<0.001)。
    结果:这项研究证实了AD患者的健忘症特征,并揭示了bvFTD患者的命名能力下降,通常在执行功能早期受到影响的语言领域,根据最近的调查结果。
    结论:AD患者在言语和视觉情景记忆任务中表现较差,而bvFTD患者在命名任务中表现较差。这些发现为探索前额叶参与情景记忆的机制提供了可能性,通常归因于海马体。
    BACKGROUND: Although the absence of memory impairment was considered among the diagnostic criteria to differentiate Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) from Behavioural Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD), current and growing evidence indicates that a significant percentage of cases of bvFTD present with episodic memory deficits. In order to compare the performance profile of the naming capacity and episodic memory in patients with AD and bvFTD the present study was designed.
    METHODS: Cross-sectional and analytical study with control group (32 people). The study included 42 people with probable AD and 22 with probable bvFTD, all over 60 years old. Uniform Data Set instruments validated in Spanish were used: Multilingual Naming Test (MINT), Craft-21 history and Benson\'s complex figure, among others.
    RESULTS: A higher average age was observed among the patients with AD. The naming capacity was much lower in patients with bvFTD compared to patients with AD, measured according to the MINT and the nouns/verbs naming coefficient. All patients with bvFTD, 73.81% of those with AD and only 31.25% of the control group failed to recognise Benson\'s complex figure. All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001).
    RESULTS: This study confirms the amnesic profile of patients with AD and reveals the decrease in naming capacity in patients with bvFTD, an area of ​​language that is typically affected early on with executive functions, according to recent findings.
    CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AD perform worse in verbal and visual episodic memory tasks, while patients with bvFTD perform worse in naming tasks. These findings open the possibility of exploring the mechanisms of prefrontal participation in episodic memory, typically attributed to the hippocampus.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    BACKGROUND: The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) is widely used for the assessment of verbal episodic memory, mainly in patients with Alzheimer disease. A Spanish-language version of the FCSRT and normative data were developed within the NEURONORMA project. Availability of alternative, equivalent versions is useful for following patients up in clinical settings. This study aimed to develop an alternative version of the original FCSRT (version B) and to study its equivalence to the original Spanish-language test (version A), and its performance in a sample of healthy individuals, in order to develop reference data.
    METHODS: We evaluated 232 healthy participants of the NEURONORMA-Plus project, aged between 18 and 90. Thirty-three participants were assessed with both test versions using a counterbalanced design.
    RESULTS: High intra-class correlation coefficients (between 0.8 and 0.9) were observed in the equivalence study. While no significant differences in performance were observed in total recall scores, free recall scores were significantly lower for version B.
    CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that the newly developed FCSRT version B is equivalent to version A in the main variables tested. Further studies are necessary to ensure interchangeability between versions. We provide normative data for the new version.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between sleep quality and memory in healthy ageing.
    METHODS: The study included 99 people older than 50 years (69 women and 30 men; mean age, 68.74 ± 7.18 years) with no associated diseases. Patients completed digital versions of the Word Learning (WL) and Visual Paired Associates (VPA) tests and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to assess the quality of sleep.
    RESULTS: PSQI score was negatively correlated with VPA and WL test performance. Performance in these 2 memory tests decreased in line with sleep quality. In addition, performance in VPA test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality, duration, and sleep disturbances. Performance on the WL test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality and efficiency. Participants\' sex showed a weak effect on VPA performance and sleep latency.
    CONCLUSIONS: Medical professionals working with elderly patients should take into consideration the effect of poor sleep quality on memory. Cognitive impairment in these patients may be a manifestation of a neuroendocrine imbalance due to a disrupted circadian rhythm. More research is needed to prove this hypothesis.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:在过去的几十年中,电惊厥治疗的安全性大大提高,使对记忆和其他神经认知功能的潜在不利影响成为目前关注的主要临床方面。在哥伦比亚,普通人群和医疗保健专业人员(甚至一些精神科医生)似乎对电惊厥疗法治疗大多有负面意见,但如果提供更多信息,也许可以重新考虑;因此,本研究的目的是评估一组重度抑郁症患者在电惊厥治疗前后的记忆变化和症状严重程度。
    方法:23名年龄在23至70岁之间的患者来自SanJuandeDios诊所的电惊厥治疗服务(Manizales,招募哥伦比亚)是为了评估电惊厥疗法对重度抑郁症患者记忆的影响。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和Rey听觉言语学习测验(RAVLT)评估抑郁症状和记忆力。分别。在电惊厥治疗系列的初始治疗之前(0-1天)和最后一次治疗后2天,对参与者进行评估。
    结果:电惊厥治疗可显著改善抑郁评分。在五项学习试验中没有显着差异,延迟召回,从治疗前到治疗后的学习和遗忘得分。在延迟识别试验中发现显著的治疗前/治疗后差异。
    结论:电惊厥治疗前后认知评估是一种可行且有用的方法。总的来说,抑郁症患者在电惊厥治疗后,记忆表现不会恶化。电惊厥治疗后几天,只有延迟识别受到影响,特别是在低教育水平和双颞叶(BT)电极放置的患者中。
    BACKGROUND: The safety of electroconvulsive therapy has improved greatly over the last decades, making the potentially adverse effects on memory and other neurocognitive functions the main clinical aspect of concern in the present. In Colombia, the general population and healthcare professionals (even some psychiatrists) seem to have mostly negative opinions towards electroconvulsive therapy treatment, but maybe this could be reconsidered if more information is provided; therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in memory and the severity of the symptoms in a group of patients with severe depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy.
    METHODS: Twenty-three patients ranging in age from 23 to 70 years from the electroconvulsive therapy service at the San Juan de Dios Clinic (Manizales, Colombia) were recruited in order to assess the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on memory in patients with severe depression. Depressive symptoms and memory were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), respectively. The assessment was administered to participants before the initial treatment of electroconvulsive therapy series (0-1 day) and 2 days after their last treatment.
    RESULTS: Electroconvulsive therapy resulted in significant improvement in the rating of depression. There were no significant differences in the five learning trials, delayed recall, learning and forgetting scores from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Significant pre-treatment/post-treatment differences were found in the delayed recognition trial.
    CONCLUSIONS: Pre- and post- electroconvulsive therapy cognitive assessment is a feasible and useful procedure. In general, memory performance does not worsen after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression. Only delayed recognition is affected a few days following electroconvulsive therapy, particularly in patients with low educational level and bitemporal (BT) electrode placement.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances affect plant-pollinator systems has important implications for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Previous laboratory studies show that pesticides and pathogens, which have been implicated in the rapid global decline of pollinators over recent years, can impair behavioral processes needed for pollinators to adaptively exploit floral resources and effectively transfer pollen among plants. However, the potential for these sublethal stressor effects on pollinator-plant interactions at the individual level to scale up into changes to the dynamics of wild plant and pollinator populations at the system level remains unclear. We developed an empirically parameterized agent-based model of a bumblebee pollination system called SimBee to test for effects of stressor-induced decreases in the memory capacity and information processing speed of individual foragers on bee abundance (scenario 1), plant diversity (scenario 2), and bee-plant system stability (scenario 3) over 20 virtual seasons. Modeling of a simple pollination network of a bumblebee and four co-flowering bee-pollinated plant species indicated that bee decline and plant species extinction events could occur when only 25% of the forager population showed cognitive impairment. Higher percentages of impairment caused 50% bee loss in just five virtual seasons and system-wide extinction events in less than 20 virtual seasons under some conditions. Plant species extinctions occurred regardless of bee population size, indicating that stressor-induced changes to pollinator behavior alone could drive species loss from plant communities. These findings indicate that sublethal stressor effects on pollinator behavioral mechanisms, although seemingly insignificant at the level of individuals, have the cumulative potential in principle to degrade plant-pollinator species interactions at the system level. Our work highlights the importance of an agent-based modeling approach for the identification and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts on plant-pollinator systems.
    Aumento en el Modelado de los Impactos Antropogénicos de Polinizador Individual a Sistemas de Polinización Resumen El entendimiento de cómo las perturbaciones antropogénicas afectan a los sistemas planta-polinizador tiene consecuencias importantes para la conservación de la biodiversidad y el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Los estudios previos realizados en laboratorios muestran que los pesticidas y los patógenos, los cuales han estado implicados en la rápida declinación global de los polinizadores en los años recientes, pueden perjudicar los procesos de comportamiento necesarios para que los polinizadores exploten adaptativamente los recursos florales y transfieran de manera efectiva el polen entre las plantas. Sin embargo, todavía no está claro el potencial de que estos efectos estresantes subletales sobre las interacciones planta-polinizador a nivel individual escalen a cambios en las dinámicas de las plantas y las poblaciones silvestres de polinizadores a nivel de sistema. Desarrollamos un modelo basado en el agente y con parámetros empíricos para un sistema de polinización de abejorros llamado SimBee. Con él analizamos los efectos de las disminuciones inducidas por estresantes sobre la capacidad de memoria y la velocidad de procesamiento de información de los forrajeros individuales en la abundancia de abejas (escenario 1), diversidad de plantas (escenario 2) y la estabilidad en el sistema abeja-planta (escenario 3) durante 20 temporadas virtuales. El modelado de una red simple de polinización de un abejorro y cuatro especies de plantas con floración a la par y polinizadas por abejas indicó que la declinación de abejas y los eventos de extinción de plantas podrían ocurrir cuando sólo el 25% de la población forrajera muestra daños cognitivos. Los porcentajes más altos de daños cognitivos mostraron 50% de pérdida de abejas en sólo cinco temporadas virtuales y eventos de extinción en todo el sistema en <20 temporadas virtuales bajo algunas condiciones. La extinción de las especies de plantas ocurrió sin importar el tamaño poblacional de las abejas, lo que indica que los cambios inducidos por los estresantes tan sólo al comportamiento polinizador podrían resultar en la pérdida de especies dentro de las comunidades botánicas. Estos resultados indican que los efectos estresantes subletales en los mecanismos de comportamiento de los polinizadores, aunque parezcan insignificantes a nivel de individuo, tienen el potencial acumulativo, en principio, de degradar las interacciones entre especies de plantas y polinizadores a nivel de sistema. Nuestro trabajo resalta la importancia de una estrategia de modelado basado en el agente para la identificación y mitigación de los impactos antropogénicos sobre los sistemas planta-polinizador.
    摘要理解人为干扰如何影响植物-传粉者系统对于保护生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要意义。以往的实验室研究表明, 农药使用和病原体是近年来全球传粉者数量急剧下降的主要原因, 且会影响传粉者适应性利用植物资源和有效传粉的行为过程。然而, 目前尚不清楚这些亚致死胁迫在个体水平上对传粉者-植物相互作用的影响是否有潜力通过尺度放大来影响系统水平上野生植物和传粉者的种群动态。我们开发了一个经验参数化的基于主体的模型来模拟大黄蜂传粉系统 (SimBee), 并测试了 20 多个模拟季节中, 胁迫引起的个体觅食者记忆能力和信息处理速度下降对蜜蜂丰度)情景 1)、植物多样性)情景 2)和蜜蜂-植物系统稳定性)情景 3)的影响。对大黄蜂和四种同花传粉植物的简单传粉网络建模表明, 当 25%的觅食种群出现感知障碍时, 就可能发生蜜蜂数量减少和植物物种灭绝事件。在某些情况下, 较高的感知障碍率会导致仅在 5 个模拟季节内蜜蜂种群就丧失 50%, 在小于 20 个模拟季节内发生系统范围内的灭绝事件。植物的灭绝与蜜蜂种群大小无关, 这表明仅仅是胁迫引起的传粉者行为变化就可能导致植物群落中物种的消失。以上结果表明, 亚致死胁迫对传粉者行为机制的影响虽然在个体水平上不显著, 但可能在系统水平上具有降低植物-传粉者相互作用的累积效应。本研究凸显了基于主体的建模方法对于识别和减轻人类活动对植物传粉系统影响研究的重要性。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:尽管在区分阿尔茨海默病(AD)和额颞叶痴呆(bvFTD)的行为变异的诊断标准中考虑了记忆障碍的缺失,当前和越来越多的证据表明,相当比例的bvFTD病例存在情景记忆缺陷。为了比较AD和bvFTD患者的命名能力和情景记忆的表现,设计了本研究。
    方法:对照组(32人)的横断面和分析研究。该研究包括42名可能患有AD的人和22名可能患有bvFTD的人,都超过60岁。使用西班牙语验证的统一数据集工具:多语言命名测试(MINT),Craft-21的历史和本森的复杂人物,在其他人中。
    结果:AD患者的平均年龄更高。BvFTD患者的命名能力远低于AD患者,根据MINT和名词/动词命名系数测量。所有患有bvFTD的患者,73.81%的AD患者和只有31.25%的对照组未能识别Benson的复杂数字。所有差异均具有统计学意义(p<0.001)。
    结果:这项研究证实了AD患者的健忘症特征,并揭示了bvFTD患者的命名能力下降,通常在执行功能早期受到影响的语言领域,根据最近的调查结果。
    结论:AD患者在言语和视觉情景记忆任务中表现较差,而bvFTD患者在命名任务中表现较差。这些发现为探索前额叶参与情景记忆的机制提供了可能性,通常归因于海马体。
    BACKGROUND: Although the absence of memory impairment was considered among the diagnostic criteria to differentiate Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) from Behavioural Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD), current and growing evidence indicates that a significant percentage of cases of bvFTD present with episodic memory deficits. In order to compare the performance profile of the naming capacity and episodic memory in patients with AD and bvFTD the present study was designed.
    METHODS: Cross-sectional and analytical study with control group (32 people). The study included 42 people with probable AD and 22 with probable bvFTD, all over 60 years old. Uniform Data Set instruments validated in Spanish were used: Multilingual Naming Test (MINT), Craft-21 history and Benson\'s complex figure, among others.
    RESULTS: A higher average age was observed among the patients with AD. The naming capacity was much lower in patients with bvFTD compared to patients with AD, measured according to the MINT and the nouns/verbs naming coefficient. All patients with bvFTD, 73.81% of those with AD and only 31.25% of the control group failed to recognise Benson\'s complex figure. All differences were statistically significant (p <0.001).
    RESULTS: This study confirms the amnesic profile of patients with AD and reveals the decrease in naming capacity in patients with bvFTD, an area of language that is typically affected early on with executive functions, according to recent findings.
    CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AD perform worse in verbal and visual episodic memory tasks, while patients with bvFTD perform worse in naming tasks. These findings open the possibility of exploring the mechanisms of prefrontal participation in episodic memory, typically attributed to the hippocampus.
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