在过去的50年中,流体马赛克模型一直是生物膜结构和组织的公认通用或基本模型。为了建立生物膜的基本模型,必须建立一些一般原则,比如热力学假设,各种分子相互作用,组件动力学,大分子组织等特征。以前的研究人员将大多数膜蛋白放在脂质双层的外部和内部表面上,以形成三分子结构或排列为模块化薄片的脂蛋白单元。这种膜模型在结构上和热力学上都不健全,并且不允许独立的脂质和蛋白质横向运动。流体镶嵌膜模型是唯一解释这些和其他特征的模型,如膜不对称,膜组件的可变横向运动,顺膜和跨膜连接以及膜组分动态缔合为多分子复合物。流体马赛克膜模型的原始版本从未被提出作为所有生物膜的最终分子描述,但它确实为纳米尺度的生物膜组织和动力学提供了一个基本框架。因为这个模型是基于20世纪60年代的数据,它无法解释随后几年发现的各种生物膜的所有特性。然而,这个模型的基本组织和动态方面仍然与今天相关。在第一代模型发布之后,包括与膜相关的各种结构的其他数据,导致添加膜相关的细胞骨架,细胞外基质和其他结构,专门的脂质-脂质和脂质-蛋白质结构域,和其他可以影响膜动力学的配置。如最初提出的,这种专门的膜结构域的存在显着降低了流体脂质膜基质的程度,和生物膜现在被认为是较少的流体和更多的马赛克与一些流体区域,而不是以移动成分为主的流体基质。然而,流体-脂质基质区域在生物膜中仍然非常重要,特别是那些参与膜脂质囊泡的结合和释放以及各种营养素的摄取的物质。膜磷脂可以自发地结合以形成脂质结构和囊泡,其可以与各种细胞膜融合以将脂质和其他营养物运输到细胞和细胞器中,并从细胞和组织中排出受损的脂质和毒性疏水分子。这一过程和膜磷脂补充剂的临床使用对慢性疾病和健康线粒体的支持具有重要意义,质膜和其他细胞膜结构。
The Fluid-Mosaic Model has been the accepted general or basic model for biomembrane structure and organization for the last 50 years. In order to establish a basic model for biomembranes, some general principles had to be established, such as thermodynamic assumptions, various molecular interactions, component dynamics, macromolecular organization and other features. Previous researchers placed most membrane proteins on the exterior and interior surfaces of lipid bilayers to form trimolecular structures or as lipoprotein units arranged as modular sheets. Such membrane models were structurally and thermodynamically unsound and did not allow independent lipid and protein lateral movements. The Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model was the only model that accounted for these and other characteristics, such as membrane asymmetry, variable lateral movements of membrane components, cis- and transmembrane linkages and dynamic associations of membrane components into multimolecular complexes. The original version of the Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model was never proposed as the ultimate molecular description of all biomembranes, but it did provide a basic framework for nanometer-scale biomembrane organization and dynamics. Because this model was based on available 1960s-era data, it could not explain all of the properties of various biomembranes discovered in subsequent years. However, the fundamental organizational and dynamic aspects of this model remain relevant to this day. After the first generation of this model was published, additional data on various structures associated with membranes were included, resulting in the addition of membrane-associated cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix and other structures, specialized lipid-lipid and lipid-protein domains, and other configurations that can affect membrane dynamics. The presence of such specialized membrane domains has significantly reduced the extent of the fluid lipid membrane matrix as first proposed, and biomembranes are now considered to be less fluid and more mosaic with some fluid areas, rather than a fluid matrix with predominantly mobile components. However, the fluid-lipid matrix regions remain very important in biomembranes, especially those involved in the binding and release of membrane lipid vesicles and the uptake of various nutrients. Membrane phospholipids can associate spontaneously to form lipid structures and vesicles that can fuse with various cellular membranes to transport lipids and other nutrients into cells and organelles and expel damaged lipids and toxic hydrophobic molecules from cells and tissues. This process and the clinical use of membrane phospholipid supplements has important implications for chronic illnesses and the support of healthy mitochondria, plasma membranes and other cellular membrane structures.