Drynaria roosii Nakaike, a fern widely distributed in China and some countries in Southeast Asia, is a commonly used herbal medicine in tonic diets and Chinese patented medicine. The metabolites of its dried rhizomes are easily affected by the epiphytic pattern, whether on rock tunnels (RTs) or tree trunks (TTs). The current research focused on rhizomes from these two patterns, RTs and TTs (further divided into subclasses TA, TB, TC, and TD, based on trunk differences) and conducted a widely targeted metabolomics analysis. A total of 1435 components were identified across 13 categories, with flavonoids, amino acids, and their derivative, lipids, identified as the main components. They accounted for 19.96%, 12.07%, and 12.14% of all metabolites, respectively. The top five flavonoids in TB were eriodicty-ol-7-O-(6″-acetyl)glucoside, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (baimaside), dihydrochar-cone-4\'-O-glucoside, morin, and hesperetin-7-O-glucoside, with relative contents 76.10, 24.20, 17.02, 15.84, and 14.64 times higher than in RTs. Principal component analysis revealed that samples with different epiphytic patterns clustered into five groups. The RT patterns revealed unique metabolites that were not detected in the other four epiphytic species (TA, TB, TC, and TD), including 16 authenticated metabolites: 1 alkaloid, 1 amino acid derivative, 7 flavonoids, 2 lignans, 1 lipid, 1 alcohol, 1 aldehyde, and 2 phenolic acids. These differences in epiphytic patterns considerably affected the accumulation of both primary and secondary metabolites. The comparison of diversity between RTs and TTs can guide the selection of a cultivation substance and the grading of collective rhizomes in the wild. This comprehensive analysis of D. roosii rhizome metabolites also offers fundamental insights for identifying active components and understanding the mechanisms underlying their potential pharmacological activities.

The medicinal plant Abrus precatorius L. was traditionally used in the Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine in India. The Indian center of origin holds a vast variability in its seed color. The objective of this study was to assess the total monomeric anthocyanin, flavonol, as well as the antioxidative potential, protein content and ash content among the accessions. A total of 99 accessions conserved in the Indian National Genebank were used in this study. The methods used for the estimation of total monomeric anthocyanin, flavonol, as well as the antioxidative potential, protein content and ash content were the pH differential method, Oomah method, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential, Dumas method and gravimetric method, respectively. The completely black colored accession was recorded with highest total monomeric anthocyanin (51.95 mg/100 g of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent) and flavonol content (66.41 mg/g of quercetin equivalent). Red + black colored accessions have recorded the maximum value with respect to antioxidants (14.18 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent). The highest amount of protein content was found in a completely white colored accession (20.67%) and the maximum ash content was recorded in red + black colored accession (4.01%). The promising accessions identified can be used by pharmaceutical companies in drug development and in curing degenerative diseases.

UNASSIGNED: In recent years, especially with the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the use of herbal products for various health problems has been increasing worldwide. This study aimed to determine the frequency of herbal product/dietary supplement use, the most used products, and the factors affecting the use of these products in patients who applied to the Chest Diseases Clinic.
UNASSIGNED: This descriptive survey study was conducted at Chest Diseases Clinic using a face-to-face interview technique. Adult individuals with subacute respiratory complaints for > 3 weeks or a diagnosis of chronic chest disease were included in the study. The questionnaire form included questions about personal characteristics, data related to disease and treatment, use of herbal products/dietary supplements, and attitudes toward these products. A total of 444 participants with all the data included in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests were used.
UNASSIGNED: It was determined that 49.3% of the participants used herbal products/dietary supplements, and the most frequently used products were honey, linden, ginger, lemon, and carob. According to the results of the binary logistic regression test, it was determined that patients over 60 years old [odds ratio (OR)= 2.0, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.1-3.8, p= 0.042], those with a high education level (OR= 2.0, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.6, p= 0.018), those who live in urban (OR= 1.8, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.0, p= 0.018), and those with a diagnosis of post-COVID syndrome (OR= 2.7, 95%, Cl: 1.3-5.5, p= 0.007) are more likely to use these products. It was determined that 57.9% of the participants used these products to relieve the symptoms of the disease.
UNASSIGNED: Considering the high probability of using these products in patients with respiratory tract disease, it is essential for public health that health professionals question the use of these products and provide counseling on this issue.

Hirsutism is a condition that can have medical, social, and psychological implications, affecting 5% to 10% of women worldwide. Management options include cosmetic procedures and pharmacological interventions. However, medications used to treat hirsutism can have side effects, ranging from mild symptoms like nausea and headaches to more serious complications such as vascular clots, heart attacks, hepatotoxicity, osteoporosis, and effeminization of a male fetus. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential benefits of medicinal plants on hirsutism as a complementary approach, specifically whether they can be used as adjuvants to cosmetic procedures. Databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI, SID, and Mag Iran have been checked with related keywords from 2000 to 2023. Moreover, related articles were isolated. In total, ten trials were identified in the search. The results suggested that various herbs, including fennel, licorice, spearmint, saw palmetto, green tea, combination of Zingiber and neem, curcumin, and teupolioside have the potential as herbal remedies for hirsutism. However, further extensive well-designed studies involving a large sample size on the most promising herbs are necessary to determine their efficacy.

UNASSIGNED: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common pulmonary diseases. The current therapeutic outcomes are not satisfactory and may cause adverse events such as cardiovascular complications. In this study, we aimed to discuss some effective medicinal herbs for the management of COPD.
UNASSIGNED: In this review, we looked for effective medicinal herbs for productive cough with thick and sticky mucus in Persian medicine sources such as Qanoon fi al-Teb, Exir Azam, and Zakhire Kharazmshahi. Then, to find relevant evidence about them, the data sources (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched in the English language without time restriction from inception up to March 2022.
UNASSIGNED: We found that Zataria multiflora, Thymus vulgaris L, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Crocus sativus L., Nepeta bracteata Benth., and Hyssopus officinalis have beneficial effects on COPD due to their properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. In addition, considering asthma COPD overlap (ACO), medicinal herbs including Cordia myxa, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Cinnamomum verum, Viola odorata, Borago officinalis, Linum usitatissimum and Vitis viniferia L. were found to have useful effects on asthma.
UNASSIGNED: Considering the mentioned beneficial mechanisms of action of these medicinal herbs, they could be used as a complementary therapy in COPD and asthma. However, more experimental and clinical research should be done to confirm their clinical effects.

Medicinal herbs are being widely accepted as alternative remedies for preventing various diseases especially in India and other Asian countries. However, most plant-based herbal medicines are not yet being scientifically accepted worldwide. \"Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.F. & Thomson\", one of the most promising plant species of Tinospora known as \"Giloy\" or Guduchi that is used in several traditional medicines in treating diseases e.g., metabolic and immune disorders, diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases, has been widely investigated. Varieties of bioactive phytochemical constituents isolated from the stem, root and whole plant of T. cordifolia have been identified. In the last two decades, the diverse pharmacological activities of T. cordifolia have been continuously studied. Due to its therapeutic efficacy in immune modulation, it could be effective in viral and other diseases treatment as well. A medicinal plant could be well-suited not only for the treatment of target site but also for boosting the body\'s immune system. As an alternate source of medication, medicinal herbs are continuously showing better compatibility with the human body with minimal side effects than other therapies. Keeping this in mind, the present review highlights the pharmacological potential of T. cordifolia against various diseases.

High cost of chemical fertilizers and poor nutrient content in conventional organic sources (manure, compost, charcoal etc.) can be addressed through development of enriched organic amendments. However, there is a need to evaluate enriched organic amendments as a potential alternative of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, an effort was made to prepare enriched organic amendments through blending distillation waste of aromatic plant biomass (DWB) with naturally available low-grade rock phosphate (RP) and waste mica (WM). Enrich compost (ENC) was produced from DWB in a natural composting process, blended with mineral powder, whereas biochar fortified mineral (BFM) was prepared by blending biochar, derived from DWB through hydrothermal reaction, with mineral powder. The main aims of the present study were to investigate the impacts of ENC and BFM applications on soil properties, and herbage yield and quality of a medicinal herb Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). The performances of ENC and BFM at two different rates (2.5 and 5 t ha-1) were compared with the application of conventional farmyard manure (FYM, 5 t ha-1) and chemical fertilizers (CF, NPK 60-40-20 kg ha-1) in two different soils in a pot experiment. Both, ENC and EBC improved soil quality and fertility by increasing soil organic carbon, available nutrients, microbial biomass and enzyme activity. The ENC and BFM increased total herbage yields by 21 and 16.3 % compared to FYM. In both soils, the CF treatment produced the maximum dry herbage yields (32.7-37.4 g pot-1), which however were comparable to ENC (31.9-33.7 g pot-1) and BFM (30.7-35.1 g pot-1) treatments. Bioactive compound (sennoside) production in senna was significantly improved by ENC and BFM compared to CF. The present study indicates that ENC and BFM could not only help to overcome the limitation of conventional FYM, but also have the potentials to substitute costly chemical fertilizers, particularly in medicinal plant cultivation.

Aquaculture is an essential and growing component of agricultural and global ecosystems worldwide. Aquaculture provides more than 25% of the total aquatic food consumption by humans. The development of the aquaculture industry should be followed in successive industrial years, and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the management and type of farming system that is compatible with the environment. The use of antibiotics for disease control has been criticised for their negative effects, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the suppression of the immune system and the environment, and the accumulation of residue in aquatic tissues. The use of these products reduces the need for treatments, enhances the effect of vaccines, and, in turn, improves production indicators. Medicinal plants have increasingly been used in recent years as a disease control strategy in aquaculture, boosting the immune system of aquatic animals and helping to develop strong resistance to a wide range of pathogens. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent evidence on the beneficial use of medicinal plants to promote growth and strengthen the immune system in farmed aquatic animals.

Leptadenia reticulata is a vital Ayurvedic medicinal herb, commonly known as Jivanti or Jiv, and contains revitalising, rejuvenating, and lactogenic activities. It has been used in traditional medicine for treating respiratory disorders, wounds, inflammation, cough, dehydration, tuberculosis, colitis, chickenpox, dysentery, eye diseases, night blindness, fever, and snake bites. It is a perennial herb of Indian origin belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family and has been utilised for its therapeutic properties since ancient times. It is a key ingredient in several marketed herbal drugs, including chyawanprash, speman, and leptaden. Several potent compounds, including β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, phytol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, apigenin, reticulin, deniculatin, leptaculatin, diosmetin, and rutin are present in this herb and attributed various pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-abortifacient, anticancer, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiulcer properties. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the distribution, ethnobotanical use, botanical description, phytocompounds, and pharmacological activities of Leptadenia reticulata.
Leptadenia reticulata is a vital Ayurvedic herb containing revitalising, rejuvenating, and lactogenic activities.It is present in polyherbal formulations chyawanprash, speman, and leptaden.Its secondary metabolites have anticancer, anticholesterol, antidiabetic, antiabortifacient, and anti-inflammatory potential.This review shows the distribution, morphology, and therapeutic potential of Leptadenia reticulata.A summary of the phytochemicals present in Leptadenia reticulata will also be provided.

Orthosiphon aristatus has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for various illnesses in Southeast Asia and Europe. The most dominant bioactive compound of the herb is rosmarinic acid (RosA) which has been demonstrated for its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. This review describes the recent progress of studies on multi-target molecular pathways of RosA in relation to targeted inflammatory-associated diseases. An inclusive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, PubMed, Medline, Wiley and Science Direct for studies reporting on the anti-inflammatory actions of RosA from 2008 until 2023. The keywords of the search were RosA and anti-inflammatory in relation to hepatoprotective, chondroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and toxicity. Only publications that are written in English are included in this review. The inhibition and deactivation of pro-inflammatory biomolecules by RosA were explained based on the initial inflammation stimuli and their location in the body. The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression to inhibit NF-κB pathway is the key mechanism for hepatoprotection. Besides NF-κB inhibition, RosA activates PPARγ to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury for cardioprotection. The regulation of MAPK and T-cell activation is important for chondroprotection, whereas the anti-oxidant property of RosA is the main contributor of neuroprotection. Even though less studies on the anti-inflammation of RosA extracts from O. aristatus, but the effective pharmacological properties of RosA has promoted it as a natural potent lead for further investigation.