人类活动一直在水生生态系统中施加广泛的压力和环境风险。环境压力,包括温度上升,酸化,缺氧,光污染,拥挤,对水生动物的生命组织学产生了相当大的负面影响,特别是性别分化(SDi)和由此产生的性别比例。了解鱼类的性别如何应对压力环境对于了解性的起源和维持非常重要。变化世界中自然人口的动态,以及性别控制在水产养殖中的精确应用。这篇综述对有关环境压力(ES)对SDi的影响的现有文献进行了详尽的搜索。有证据表明,所有类型的ES都可以影响SDi,并普遍导致男性或男性化的增加,据报道,有100种鱼类和121例病例。然后,这篇全面的综述旨在总结分子生物学,生理学,细胞学,和表观遗传机制,ES有助于男性发育或男性化。从多个方面分析了ES与鱼类SDi的关系,研究发现,环境性别分化(ESDi)是遗传因素和表观遗传因素共同作用的结果,自我生理调节,对环境信号的反应,这涉及到一个复杂的网络,各种激素和许多基因在多水平和多等级的双潜能性腺。在正常的男性分化和ES诱导的男性化中,应激途径和表观遗传调控起着重要作用;然而,他们如何共同监管SDi尚不清楚。有证据表明,水生动物中雄性的普遍出现或增加是对中度ES的适应。应在更多鱼类中并在野外广泛研究ES引起的性别逆转。还解决了与ESDi相关的潜在水产养殖应用和困难。最后,介绍了ESDi中的知识差距,这将指导未来研究的重点。
Human activities have been exerting widespread stress and environmental risks in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental stress, including temperature rise, acidification, hypoxia, light pollution, and crowding, had a considerable negative impact on the life histology of aquatic animals, especially on sex differentiation (SDi) and the resulting sex ratios. Understanding how the sex of fish responds to stressful environments is of great importance for understanding the origin and maintenance of sex, the dynamics of the natural population in the changing world, and the precise application of sex control in aquaculture. This review conducted an exhaustive search of the available literature on the influence of environmental stress (ES) on SDi. Evidence has shown that all types of ES can affect SDi and universally result in an increase in males or
masculinization, which has been reported in 100 fish species and 121 cases. Then, this comprehensive review aimed to summarize the molecular biology, physiology, cytology, and epigenetic mechanisms through which ES contributes to male development or
masculinization. The relationship between ES and fish SDi from multiple aspects was analyzed, and it was found that environmental sex differentiation (ESDi) is the result of the combined effects of genetic and epigenetic factors, self-physiological regulation, and response to environmental signals, which involves a sophisticated network of various hormones and numerous genes at multiple levels and multiple gradations in bipotential gonads. In both normal male differentiation and ES-induced
masculinization, the stress pathway and epigenetic regulation play important roles; however, how they co-regulate SDi is unclear. Evidence suggests that the universal emergence or increase in males in aquatic animals is an adaptation to moderate ES. ES-induced sex reversal should be fully investigated in more fish species and extensively in the wild. The potential aquaculture applications and difficulties associated with ESDi have also been addressed. Finally, the knowledge gaps in the ESDi are presented, which will guide the priorities of future research.