生物传感器作为复杂的设备,将生化反应转化为电信号。当代强调开发具有精细灵敏度和选择性的生物传感器装置是关键的,因为它们具有广泛的功能能力。然而,一个重大挑战在于生物传感器与生物分子的结合亲和力,需要熟练的将相互作用转换和放大为各种信号模式,如电气,光学,重量分析,和电化学输出。克服与敏感性相关的挑战,检测限,响应时间,再现性,和稳定性是必不可少的高效生物传感器的创建。任何生物传感器的制造的中心方面集中于在分析物电极之间形成有效界面,其显著影响整体生物传感器质量。聚合物和大分子体系因其独特的性质和通用的应用而受到青睐。增强这些体系的性质和导电性可以通过引入纳米颗粒或碳质部分来实现。混合复合材料,拥有高级灵敏度等独特的属性组合,选择性,热稳定性,机械灵活性,生物相容性,和可调的电性能,成为生物传感器应用的有希望的候选者。此外,这种方法增强了电化学响应,信号放大,和制造的生物传感器的稳定性,有助于他们的有效性。这篇综述主要探讨了利用大环和大分子共轭体系的最新进展,如酞菁,卟啉,聚合物,等。和他们的混血儿,特别关注生物传感器中的信号放大。它全面涵盖了合成战略,属性,工作机制,以及这些系统检测生物分子如葡萄糖的潜力,过氧化氢,尿酸,抗坏血酸,多巴胺,胆固醇,氨基酸,和癌细胞。此外,这次审查深入探讨了取得的进展,阐明负责信号放大的机制。结论解决了基于大分子的杂种在生物传感器应用中的挑战和未来方向,提供了这个不断发展的领域的简要概述。叙述强调了生物传感器技术进步的重要性,说明智能设计和材料增强在提高各个领域的性能中的作用。
Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.