Leeching

Leeching
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    UNASSIGNED: Medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) have been used for therapeutic purposes in humans since ancient times. Because of their growth conditions, leeches carry certain bacteria and endosymbionts (e.g., Aeromonas spp). In both leech farms and hirudotherapy clinics, there are no reliable antiseptics that can be used with leeches. This study aimed to determine whether methylene blue (MB) is a safe antiseptic for medicinal leeches and assess its safe usage.
    UNASSIGNED: This study evaluated the efficacy of MB by determining lethal concentrations (LC), effective concentrations (EC), and lethal times (LT) for the medicinal leech Hirudo verbena Carena, 1820. A total of 570 H. verbana specimens obtained from a local farm were used in this study. Eighteen different concentrations of MB (between 1 ppm and 512 ppm) were tested.
    UNASSIGNED: The LC50 and EC50 values for H. verbana were determined to be 60.381 (53.674-66.636) ppm and 2.013 (1.789-2.221) ppm, respectively. The LT50 durations for MB concentrations of 32 and 512 ppm were calculated as 212.92 h (138.43 h-1485.78 h) and 17.82 h (8.08 h-23.90 h), respectively.
    UNASSIGNED: The results show that MB concentrations between 2 and 19 ppm can be safely used as antiseptics in hirudotherapy clinics and leech farms to address bacterial concerns caused by medicinal leeches.
    UNASSIGNED: Tıbbi sülükler (Hirudo spp.) eski çağlardan beri insanlarda tedavi amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Sülükler, büyüme koşulları nedeniyle bazı bakterileri ve endosimbiontları (örneğin; Aeromonas spp.) taşırlar. Hem sülük çiftliklerinde hem de hirudoterapi kliniklerinde sülüklerle birlikte kullanılabilecek güvenilir antiseptikler bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, metilen mavisinin (MB) tıbbi sülükler için güvenli bir antiseptik olup olmadığını belirlemek ve güvenli kullanımını değerlendirmektir.
    UNASSIGNED: Bu çalışmada, tıbbi sülük Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 için ölümcül konsantrasyonlar (LC), etkili konsantrasyonlar (EC) ve ölümcül süreler (LT) belirlenerek MB’nin etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada yerel bir çiftlikten elde edilen toplam 570 H. verbana örneği kullanılmıştır. On sekiz farklı MB konsantrasyonu (1 ppm ile 512 ppm arasında) test edilmiştir.
    UNASSIGNED: H. verbana için LC50 ve EC50 değerleri sırasıyla 60.381 (53.674-66.636) ppm ve 2.013 (1.789-2.221) ppm olarak belirlenmiştir. 32 ve 512 ppm MB konsantrasyonları için LT50 süreleri sırasıyla 212.92 saat (138.43 saat-1485.78 saat) ve 17.82 saat (8.08 saat-23.90 saat) olarak hesaplanmıştır.
    UNASSIGNED: Sonuçlar, 2 ila 19 ppm arasındaki MB konsantrasyonlarının, tıbbi sülüklerin neden olduğu bakteriyel endişeleri gidermek için hirudoterapi kliniklerinde ve sülük çiftliklerinde antiseptik olarak güvenle kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在临床治疗中使用药用水蛭已经有很长时间了,因为它最初被认为具有抗凝血酶作用。这些作用是由于水蛭在附着于人类皮肤时持续吸血的能力。根据中国药典,中药中使用的水蛭主要包括惠特曼,HirudoNipponiaWhitman,和尖刺Whitmania,但是后两个物种相对稀缺。水蛭的主要成分是蛋白质和肽类大分子。根据它们的药理作用可以将它们分为两类。一组由直接靶向凝血系统的活性成分组成,比如水蛭素,肝素,和组胺,这是众所周知的。另一组包括蛋白酶抑制剂组分如Decorsin和Hementin。其中,水蛭唾液腺分泌的水蛭素是最有效的凝血酶抑制剂,在发现肝素之前,它是防止血液凝固的唯一药物。此外,水蛭在各种中药配方中起着重要作用。近几十年来,药用水蛭已应用于抗炎治疗等领域,心血管疾病管理,抗肿瘤治疗,和许多其他医疗条件。在这次审查中,我们全面概述了水蛭在各种医疗条件下的历史历程和药物应用,强调其在中药中的药学意义。这篇综述为探索涉及在各种疾病中使用水蛭的其他治疗机会以及阐明其未来研究的潜在机制提供了宝贵的见解。
    The use of medicinal leeches in clinical therapy has been employed for a long time, as it was originally recognized for exerting antithrombin effects. These effects were due to the ability of the leech to continuously suck blood while attached to human skin. According to Chinese Pharmacopoei, leeches used in traditional Chinese medicine mainly consist of Whitmania pigra Whitman, Hirudo nipponia Whitman, and Whitmania acranulata, but the latter two species are relatively scarce. The main constituents of leeches are protein and peptide macromolecules. They can be categorized into two categories based on their pharmacological effects. One group consists of active ingredients that directly target the coagulation system, such as hirudin, heparin, and histamine, which are widely known. The other group comprises protease inhibitor components like Decorsin and Hementin. Among these, hirudin secreted by the salivary glands of the leech is the most potent thrombin inhibitor and served as the sole remedy for preventing blood clotting until the discovery of heparin. Additionally, leeches play a significant role in various traditional Chinese medicine formulations. In recent decades, medicinal leeches have been applied in fields including anti-inflammatory treatment, cardiovascular disease management, antitumor treatment, and many other medical conditions. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the historical journey and medicinal applications of leeches in various medical conditions, emphasizing their pharmaceutical significance within traditional Chinese medicine. This review offers valuable insights for exploring additional therapeutic opportunities involving the use of leeches in various diseases and elucidating their underlying mechanisms for future research.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    筋膜切开术是大多数筋膜室综合征病例的最终治疗方法。然而,这种手术干预并非没有风险。
    暂无摘要。
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    十九世纪的医生越来越喜欢水蛭——将活水蛭放在病人的皮肤上以刺激或限制血液流动——作为治疗多种疾病的一种方法。随着对它们治疗特性的信念传播,水蛭疗法在欧洲医学中占主导地位;法国在一年内进口了超过五千万只水蛭。需求很快超过了供应,催生了利润丰厚的全球贸易。过度收集和耕作最终破坏了水蛭的栖息地,造成环境破坏,迫使欧洲商人寻求新的供应来源。大量的水蛭殖民地被发现居住在奥斯曼帝国的巨大湿地中,很快成为药用水蛭的主要出口国。根据《巴尔塔·利曼条约》(1838年),奥斯曼帝国开始控制利润丰厚的贸易,对水蛭采集和与税务农民(mültezim)签约征税,以征税。英国外交官,商人和其他利益相关者抗议征税,就像以前野生动物商品化一样;他们对利润的追求导致收藏家和农民过度收集水蛭,带来灾难性后果。到本世纪末,他们的价值如此之高,以至于水蛭种群面临灭绝。本文将药用水蛭定位为历史的治疗参与者,并采用了跨尺度的方法来制定人与水蛭的相互作用。它为医学史做出了实质性的贡献,在揭示水蛭对现代医学和全球贸易崛起的中心地位时,而且通过使他们在塑造帝国外交和全球经济市场中的作用可见。
    Nineteenth-century physicians increasingly favoured leeching - the placing of a live leech onto a patient\'s skin to stimulate or limit blood flow - as a cure for numerous ailments. As conviction in their therapeutic properties spread, leech therapy dominated European medicine; France imported over fifty million leeches in one year. Demand soon outpaced supply, spawning a lucrative global trade. Over-collection and farming eventually destroyed leech habitats, wreaked environmental havoc and forced European merchants to seek new supply sources. Vast colonies of leeches were found to inhabit the immense wetlands of the Ottoman Empire, which soon became a major exporter of medicinal leeches. Following the Treaty of Balta Liman (1838), the Ottoman state moved to exert control over the lucrative trade, imposing a tax on leech gathering and contracting with tax-farmers (mültezim) to collect the taxes. British diplomats, merchants and other stakeholders protested the imposition of the tax, as had previously happened with the commodification of wildlife; their pursuit of profit led collectors and farmers to over-gather leeches, with catastrophic consequences. By the end of the century, so great had their worth climbed that the leech population faced extinction. This paper situates medicinal leeches as therapeutic actors of history and adopts an interscale approach in formulating the human-leech interaction. It offers a substantive contribution to the history of medicine, in revealing the centrality of leeches to the rise of modern medicine and global trade, but also by making visible their role in shaping imperial diplomacy and worldwide economic markets.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    背景:药物水蛭疗法(MLT)是一种用于各种疾病的补充治疗方法。水蛭(Hirudomedicinalis)已被外科医生使用了2500多年。水蛭唾液中存在的物质具有抗炎作用,抗凝剂,血小板抑制性,凝血酶调节性,镇痛药,细胞外基质降解和抗菌作用。该方法很便宜,易于应用,对特定疾病的有效性及其作用机制已得到阐明。感染尤其是气单胞菌感染是MLT最常见的并发症。
    方法:在本案例报告中,将介绍在水蛭治疗眼周和面部湿疹性皮炎病变后出现的角膜炎病例。患者视力下降转诊到我们医院,眼痛,刺痛,发红和流泪的抱怨。大的角膜上皮缺损,边缘不规则,死于荧光素,累及下半侧以上的角膜和结膜充血均见于右眼。在微生物调查中没有确定试剂,因为患者使用了局部莫西沙星滴眼液,该滴眼液在向我们申请之前在另一家诊所开始使用。患者接受强化万古霉素和头孢他啶治疗,在使用贝西沙星诊断细菌性角膜炎之前。三周后,上皮缺损完全改善,留下不透明和新生血管形成。
    结论:MLT应由经过认证的医生使用无菌药物进行,并且在MLT之前应使用预防性抗生素以预防潜在的感染。
    BACKGROUND: The medicinal leech therapy (MLT) is a kind of complementary treatment method used for various diseases. The leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) have been used for more than 2500 years by surgeons. The substances presenting in the saliva of leeches have anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, platelet inhibitory, thrombin regulatory, analgesic, extracellular matrix degradative and antimicrobial effects. The method is cheap, easy to apply, effective and its mechanisms of action have been clarified for specific diseases. Infection particularly Aeromonas infection is the most common complication of MLT.
    METHODS: In this case report, a keratitis case developing after leech therapy applied for the periocular and facial eczematous dermatitis lesions will be presented. The patient referred to our hospital with decreased vision, ocular pain, stinging, redness and lacrimation complaints. A large corneal epithelial defect with irregular margins, dying by fluorescein, involving more than inferior half of cornea and conjunctival hyperemia were seen in the right eye. No agent was determined in microbiological investigation, as the patient had used topical moxifloxacin eye drop which was commenced in another clinic before applying to us. The patient was treated with fortified vancomycin and ceftazidime, before using besifloxacin with the diagnosis of bacterial keratitis. Three weeks later epithelial defect improved completely leaving an opacity and neovascularization.
    CONCLUSIONS: MLT should be performed by certified physicians with sterile medicinal leeches and precautious antibiotics should be used before MLT for prevention against potential infections.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Review
    目的:药物水蛭疗法-称为水蛭疗法(HT)-是一种经验性医学技术,在重建手术中再次流行。然而,在水蛭管理的每一步,都存在护理人员血液污染和患者严重感染的风险。这降低了治疗的成功率。这项研究的目的是改善水蛭从订购到处置的管理,以改善患者护理。
    方法:首先,对文献进行了综述.第二,我们从2018年1月至2019年12月对患者进行了一项抗生素预防的回顾性研究.我们收集的数据是患者特征,医院的特定护理部门,指示,禁忌证,posology,HT的持续时间,交付的水蛭数量,抗生素预防处方和微生物,如果确定。第三,组织了一次跨学科会议来审查整个水蛭赛道:订购,维护,处方,配药,应用和处置。
    结果:在文献综述结束时,选择了6篇基于法国实施的实践的文章纳入。这些文章讨论了抗生素预防,补铁,和水蛭储存,应用和处置。在进行的回顾性研究中,对60%(30/50)的患者进行了抗生素预防HT,77%(23/30)的处方遵循抗生素预防的建议,20例患者未接受抗生素预防。跨学科会议使得定义一个经过大学验证的协议成为可能,含有计算机化的抗生素预防处方,包括环丙沙星抗生素预防,静脉补铁和生物监测。创建了一个水蛭应用协议,并对水蛭的处理方法进行了修订。
    结论:尽管缺乏明确的指导方针和不同的做法,这项研究揭示了包括水蛭使用前管理实践在内的标准程序的重要性,抗生素预防、应用和处置指南。跨学科协议允许改善患者护理管理,并使水蛭管理对护理人员更安全。
    Medicinal leech therapy - known as hirudotherapy (HT) - is an empirical medical technique that has become popular again in reconstructive surgery. However, at each step of leech management there are risks for blood contamination of the caregivers and severe infections for patients. This reduces the success of the treatment. The aim of this study was to improve the management of leeches from ordering to disposal to improve patient care.
    First, a review of the literature was performed. Second, we conducted a retrospective study of patients\' antibiotic prophylaxis from January 2018 to December 2019. The data we collected were patient characteristics, the specific care unit at the hospital, indication, contra-indication, posology, duration of HT, number of leeches delivered, antibiotic prophylaxis prescribed and microbial organism, if identified. Third, an interdisciplinary meeting was organised to review the entire leech circuit: ordering, maintenance, prescription, dispensing, application and disposal.
    At the end of the literature review, six articles based on practices implemented in France were selected for inclusion. These articles discussed antibiotic prophylaxis, iron supplementation, and leech storage, application and disposal. On the retrospective study performed, antibiotic prophylaxis for HT was performed for 60% (30/50) of patients, 77% (23/30) of the prescriptions followed the recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis, and 20 patients did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis. The interdisciplinary meeting made it possible to define a collegially validated protocol, containing a computerised antibiotic prophylaxis prescription, including per os ciprofloxacin antibiotic prophylaxis, intravenous iron supplementation and biological monitoring. A leech application protocol was created, and the method of leech disposal was revised.
    Despite the absence of clear guidelines and heterogeneous practices, this study reveals the importance of a standard procedure including leech management practices before use, antibiotic prophylaxis and application and disposal guides. The interdisciplinary protocol allows improved patient care management and makes leech management safer for caregivers.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    很好地描述了在现代重建手术中使用药用水蛭。鼻整形后的水蛭治疗以前没有得到很好的表征。
    我们回顾了所有由一名外科医生在4年时间内进行开放性隆鼻手术的患者的医疗记录。患者人口统计学,包括年龄,性别,医疗合并症,以前隆鼻手术的数量,使用水蛭疗法的时间,使用的辅助疗法,皮肤变化的分辨率,和吸烟状况,被记录下来。审查了手术报告以获取相关信息,包括使用的尖端移植物的数量,使用的移植材料,并放置间隔延伸移植物或“独角兽”移植物。
    2016年4月至2020年3月,545例患者接受了由资深作者(P.S.N.)进行的隆鼻手术。在这些病人中,39(7.2%)在术后接受了水蛭治疗。纳入患者的平均年龄为47.4岁。在需要水蛭治疗的患者中,34例(87.2%)进行了隆鼻术。先前鼻成形术的平均数为3.4。使用的尖端移植物的平均数量为2.6。33例患者(84.6%)进行了传统的间隔延伸移植物或独角兽移植物。9名患者(23.1%)是以前的吸烟者。38例患者(97.4%)皮肤颜色变化完全缓解。水蛭治疗后无重大并发症。
    水蛭疗法是隆鼻外科医生的有用工具,特别是在复杂的翻修隆鼻的背景下,在经历过多次鼻外科手术的患者中,或需要大量软骨移植以重建鼻尖或延长鼻子的患者。
    治疗,IV.
    The use of medicinal leeches in modern reconstructive surgery is well-described. Leech therapy after rhinoplasty has not been previously well-characterized.
    The medical records of all patients who underwent open rhinoplasty by a single surgeon over a 4-year period were reviewed. Patient demographics, including age, sex, medical comorbidities, number of previous rhinoplasty surgeries, time to utilization of leech therapy, adjunct therapies used, resolution of skin changes, and smoking status, were recorded. Operative reports were reviewed for pertinent information, including number of tip grafts used, graft materials used, and placement of septal extension grafts or \"unicorn\" grafts.
    Between April of 2016 and March of 2020, 545 patients underwent rhinoplasty performed by the senior author (P.S.N.). Of these patients, 39 (7.2 percent) underwent leech therapy postoperatively. The mean age of included patients was 47.4 years. Of the patients who required leech therapy, 34 (87.2 percent) had undergone revision rhinoplasty. The mean number of previous rhinoplasties was 3.4. The mean number of tip grafts used was 2.6. Thirty-three patients (84.6 percent) had either a traditional septal extension graft or unicorn graft placed. Nine patients (23.1 percent) were former smokers. Complete resolution of skin color changes was seen in 38 patients (97.4 percent). There were no major complications after leech therapy.
    Leech therapy is a useful tool for the rhinoplasty surgeon, particularly in the setting of complex revision rhinoplasty, in patients who have undergone multiple previous nasal surgical procedures, or in patients who require significant cartilage grafting to reconstruct the nasal tip or lengthen the nose.
    Therapeutic, IV.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    UNASSIGNED: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.
    OBJECTIVE: To describe challenges in the management of prophylaxis against infections for patients receiving medicinal leech therapy given changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns in the normal flora of leeches.
    CONCLUSIONS: This article presents a patient case of reconstructive surgery complicated by infection associated with the use of medicinal leeches, as well as a discussion of prophylaxis in medicinal leech therapy, focusing on considerations for choosing a prophylactic agent.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our case report highlights resistance changes in Aeromonas isolates associated with medicinal leeches and the potential for complications if isolates resistant to chosen prophylactic agents arise. When administering antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy, clinicians should be familiar with the susceptibilities of Aeromonas species but also conscious of evolving antimicrobial resistance given the extent of the consequences of infected surgical grafts.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    与数字血运重建和再植手术失败相关的因素已经得到了很好的表征,但是研究还没有调查术后早期发生的失败。单中心回顾性图表回顾包括284例(434位)接受数字血运重建或再植的患者。耐心-,在成功的手术中比较了损伤和手术相关的特征,住院时失败的数字(早期失败),和最初可行的数字在出院后失败(晚期失败)。总的来说,202例患者手术成功(71%)。有51个早期失败(18%)和31个晚期失败(11%)。挤压伤和静脉移植仅与早期失败有关。完全截肢和抽水与早期和晚期失败密切相关。这项研究表明,出院后有很大一部分最初可行的数字失败。有静脉充血迹象的患者可能会受益于在医院观察更长的时间,以避免晚期失败。证据级别:IV。
    Factors associated with failure of digital revascularization and replantation procedures have been well characterized, but studies have not investigated failures occurring beyond the early postoperative period. A single-centre retrospective chart review included 284 patients (434 digits) who underwent digital revascularization or replantation. Patient-, injury- and surgery-related characteristics were compared among successful procedures, digits that failed while in hospital (early failure), and initially viable digits that failed after hospital discharge (late failure). Overall, 202 patients had successful procedures (71%). There were 51 early failures (18%) and 31 late failures (11%). Crush injuries and vein grafting were associated with early failure only. Complete amputations and leeching were strongly associated with both early and late failure. This study revealed that a substantial proportion of initially viable digits fail after discharge from hospital. Patients with signs of venous congestion may benefit from longer observation periods in hospital to avoid late failure.Level of evidence: IV.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:睾丸扭转/扭转引发组织缺血/再灌注,导致活性氧过度生成和细胞凋亡。水蛭的唾液充满了消炎药,抗凝剂,抗氧化剂,和抗菌剂。因此,本研究旨在探讨水蛭治疗对睾丸缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制。
    方法:18只成年雄性大鼠随机分为3组:1-假手术组(SO)。2-扭转/扭曲(T.D)组:进行两个小时的睾丸扭转和两个小时的睾丸扭转。3-扭转/扭转+水蛭治疗(TDL)组。精子参数(运动性,活力,形态学,和浓度),氧化应激生物标志物(MDA,CAT,GPx,和TAC),组织病理学因素(平均生精管直径,生发上皮细胞厚度,睾丸囊厚度,约翰逊的得分,和Cosentino\的分数),和用于细胞凋亡检测的免疫组织化学标记(Bax,测量Bcl-2和Caspase-3)。
    结果:与假手术组相比,T.D组的所有精子参数均存在显着差异。水蛭治疗显着增加了进行性运动和正常形态,并减少了非进行性运动。在TDL组中,MDA浓度显著降低,和GPx的水平,TAC,CAT显著增加。与T.D组相比,TDL组的所有评估的组织病理学参数均显着增加,除睾丸包膜厚度外。T.D显着增加Bax和Caspase-3的表达,而与对照组相比,治疗组细胞凋亡率降低。T.D组Bcl-2表达显著低于sham组。水蛭治疗增加了Bcl-2的表达。
    结论:水蛭治疗由于其抗氧化剂而减轻了扭转/扭曲后对睾丸组织的损害,抗炎,和抗凋亡作用。因此,可作为治疗睾丸缺血再灌注的有效药物。
    BACKGROUND: Testicular torsion/detorsion triggers tissue ischemia/reperfusion, leading to reactive oxygen species overgeneration and apoptosis. The saliva of leeches is full of anti-inflammatory, anticoagulants, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the protective mechanism of leech therapy on testicular ischemia/reperfusion damage.
    METHODS: 18 adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1-Sham-operated group (SO). 2-Torsion/detorsion (T.D) group: two hours of testicular torsion with two hours of testicular detorsion was performed. 3-Torsion/detorsion + Leech therapy (TDL) group. Sperm parameters (motility, vitality, morphology, and concentration), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, CAT, GPx, and TAC), histopathological factors (Mean seminiferous tubular diameter, Germinal epithelial cell thickness, Testicular capsule thickness, Johnson\'s score, and Cosentino\'s score), and immunohistochemical markers for apoptosis detection (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3) were measured.
    RESULTS: There was a significant difference for all sperm parameters in the T. D group compared to the sham group. Leech therapy significantly increased progressive motility and normal morphology and reduced non-progressive motility. In the TDL group, MDA concentration significantly reduced, and levels of GPx, TAC, and CAT remarkably increased. All evaluated histopathological parameters in the TDL group significantly increased compared to the T. D group except for the testicular capsule thickness. T. D notably increased the expression of Bax and Caspase-3, while the treatment group slowed the rate of apoptosis compared to the control group. Bcl-2 expression in the T. D group was significantly lower than that in the sham group. Leech therapy increased the Bcl-2 expression.
    CONCLUSIONS: Leech therapy attenuates damages to testicular tissue following torsion/detorsion due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Hence, it can be considered as an effective remedy for testicular ischemia/reperfusion.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Sci-hub)

       PDF(Pubmed)

公众号