One subgroup of Latinos whose healthcare needs must be more thoroughly addressed is the roughly three million farmworkers pursuing seasonal agricultural work within the United States (U.S.). Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFW) face compounded political, social, and personal contexts that complicate healthcare access. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine prevents HPV infections and cancers, uptake among Hispanic adolescents remains suboptimal. Therefore, it is important to understand Latino MSFW\'s HPV knowledge, as well as barriers to and facilitators of vaccination so culturally appropriate measures can bolster vaccination. An integrative review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using key search terms. Results were evaluated for compatibility with inclusion/exclusion criteria, and selected articles were coded and evaluated via thematic analysis. Six studies of various designs were ultimately included in the review. While some Latino MSFW have baseline knowledge about HPV and the vaccine, knowledge gaps remain. Participants expressed curiosity about how the vaccine works, contents, side effects, dosing, recommended age, and information about prevented diseases. Although additional education and MSFW\'s receptiveness to provider\'s recommendations were cited as major facilitators, many barriers also need addressed. Providers must leverage MSFW\'s existing knowledge, provide education, and facilitate vaccination to protect farmworker families from HPV and related cancers. It must become standard practice for providers to recommend the HPV vaccine to MSFW, who are receptive to this conversation. Increasing vaccination can decrease the disproportionate burden of HPV-related cancers on patients and facilitate access to healthcare services.

Research has shown that children of undocumented Latinx parents in the United States are at greater risk for negative long-term effects on their mental health and overall well-being. Chief among these concerns are the negative effects of disrupted attachment processes, as deported parents are often taken from their families by force and required to parent from afar, if they can continue parenting at all. Despite the ubiquity of deported families, little is known about the effects of deportation on the attachment of left-behind children and the subsequent potential disruptive effect of deportation on their adult relationships. This phenomenological study aims to understand how adults who have experienced parental deportation in their childhood describe the effects of that event on their adult intimate relationships. Themes of (1) ambiguous loss; (2) inability to trust others; (3) fear of separation from loved ones; and (4) shame emerged and are discussed considering existing literature on attachment theory, immigration, and the Latinx population. Treatment implications are also discussed.

Multiracial and Hispanic/Latino/a/x youth are rapidly growing populations in the United States. When considered in substance use studies, they are often treated as homogeneous groups despite important demographic and cultural differences. The current study explores how substance use prevalence may differ depending on how precisely race and ethnicity groups are categorized. Data are from the 2018 High School Maryland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 41,091, 48.4% female). We estimate prevalence of past 30-day substance use (i.e., alcohol, combustible tobacco, e-cigarettes, and marijuana) for all combinations of race and Hispanic/Latino/a/x ethnicity. Substance use prevalence across the specific Multiracial and Hispanic/Latino/a/x categories showed a wider range of estimates than within the traditional CDC racial and ethnic categories. Findings from this study suggest that state- and national-level surveillance of adolescent risk behavior should add further measures of race and ethnic identity to improve researchers\' ability to increase precision of substance use prevalence estimates.

OBJECTIVE: A brain health equity neuropsychology research framework (NRF) is crucial to the anti-racist movement in cognitive assessments. Universalist interpretation of neuropsychological tools contributes to systemic disparities, and there is a need for a clear conceptual framework for disentangling the direct and indirect impact of social determinants of health (SDH) on brain-behavior relationships and neuropsychological performance. The aim of this paper is to present a NRF anchored in the principles of brain health and health equity that is inclusive, and can be implemented across racially and ethnically diverse communities.
METHODS: The Re-engaging Individuals and societies for Structural Evolution (RISE) NRF aims to address this via a two-pronged approach: 1. Focusing on community engagement and recruitment and retention of individuals and societies typically not equitably represented in brain health studies, and 2. Integrating the conceptual structure of individual, community, and SDH, while considering the broader historical and current structures that differentially shape these.
RESULTS: The proposed RISE NRF is dynamic and multidirectional. It identifies barriers and proposes strategies to engage communities and diversify recruitment. It identifies evidence-based guidance on non-cognitive determinants of health to include, consider or explore in brain health research.
CONCLUSIONS: The RISE NRF can guide the development of culturally and linguistically responsive methodologies and assist with clearly conceptualized and contextualized interpretation of neuropsychological tools to foment a transformative science that benefits the brain health of marginalized communities.

Melanoma mortality rates in the US are highest among older men, individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES), and people of color. To better understand these inequities, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Northern and Southern California to generate knowledge about barriers and facilitators of awareness, prevention, and early detection of melanoma in lower SES Latinx and non-Latinx White (NLW) individuals living in urban and semi-rural areas.
Nineteen focus groups were conducted (N = 176 adult participants), stratified by race/ethnicity (Latinx, low-income NLW), geography (semi-rural, urban), and language (English and Spanish). Inductive and deductive thematic analysis was conducted, and the findings were organized using the socioecological model framework: individual, interpersonal, community, and health system/policy levels.
Four socioecological themes describe how key factors affect knowledge, perceived risk, preventive behaviors, and melanoma screening. Individual level findings revealed that many participants were not familiar with melanoma, yet were willing to learn through trusted sources. Having brown or darker skin tone was perceived as being associated with lower risk for skin cancer. Interpersonally, social relationships were important influences for skin cancer prevention practice. However, for several Latinx and semi-rural participants, conversations about melanoma prevention did not occur with family and peers. At the community level, semi-rural participants reported distance or lack of transportation to a clinic as challenges for accessing dermatology care. Healthcare systems barriers included burdens of additional healthcare costs for dermatology visits and obtaining referral.
Varying factors influence the awareness levels, beliefs, and behaviors associated with knowledge, prevention, and early detection of melanoma among low-income Latinx and NLW individuals and in semi-rural areas. Results have implications for health education interventions. Navigation strategies that target individuals, families, and health care settings can promote improved prevention and early detection of melanoma in these communities.

Latinx youth seeking asylum in the U.S. experience mental health disparity due to exposure to trauma and adversity. Health systems and schools in the U.S. are unprepared to screen for psychopathology in this population, much of which is mono-lingual Spanish-speaking, due to the absence of psychometrically-vetted instruments. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has strong empirical support as a mental health screener in other demographics. However, there has been no psychometric research in Spanish-speaking immigrant youth and, therefore, the utility in this population remains unknown. The aims of the current study were to examine the SDQ\'s (a) internal structure, (b) factor structure, (c) test-retest reliability, and (d) concurrent validity. Results are based on N = 110 recently immigrated high school students (60% male, Mage = 19) who completed the SDQ in Spanish. Findings provided support for the Total Score, which displayed evidence of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity with the Child Behavior Checklist. However, support for the use of the SDQ\'s subscale scores was limited. In sum, the SDQ Total Score holds promise as a screening instrument for recently immigrated Latinx youth in clinical, health, and educational settings, and use of the subscales requires future research and refinement.

The potential for suboptimal psychometric performance of reverse-coded items may be particularly pronounced when scales are translated and administered in Spanish with these problems exacerbated in youth respondents. This is a significant concern, given the rapid rise in Hispanic-American and Spanish-speaking individuals in the US and their rightful, growing representation in psychological research and clinical care. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric performance of reverse-coded items across four Spanish-speaking samples spanning developmental stages including youth, college students, and parents (N = 1,084; Adolescents n = 107; M = 19.79; SD = 2.09; 41.1% female; Caregivers n = 58; M = 40.79; SD = 7.94; 60.3% female; Spanish-speaking adults in the US n = 157; M = 33.4; SD = 9.5; 68.8% female; and College students living in Latin America n = 783; M = 21.04; SD = 3.13; 69.2% female) and four scales (Big Five Inventory; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Beck Hopelessness Scale); we expected reverse-coded items would demonstrate inadequate item-total correlations and their inclusion would compromise scale internal consistency. Hypotheses were supported with evidence of poor psychometric performance for at least two reverse-coded items on each instrument, such that un-reversing the items improved their item-total correlations. Across every instrument, alpha was either improved by excluding reverse-coded items or by including them in an un-reversed fashion and, overall, there was a moderate, negative effect of reverse-coded items on scale alphas. In growing consensus with previous authors, we recommend that reverse-coded items not be included in Spanish scales.

Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) experience high rates of HIV and co-occurring health inequities. Structural and psychosocial factors may lead to mental health problems and decreased engagement with biomedical HIV-prevention behaviors. This cross-sectional study assessed the extent to which structural life instability is related to biomedical HIV-prevention services engagement (HIV-testing and PrEP uptake) indirectly through psychological distress among 290 LSMM living in Greater Miami. Using hybrid structural equation modeling, significant direct effects from structural life instability to psychological distress emerged, as did effects from psychological distress (i.e., depression and anxiety) to HIV-prevention engagement. Structural life instability had a significant indirect effect to HIV-prevention engagement via psychological distress. Findings show a possible mechanism explaining the relationship between structural life instability and biomedical HIV-prevention engagement among a group of LSMM, a subpopulation at increased susceptibility for HIV acquisition in an U.S. HIV epicenter.
RESULTS: Los hombres latinos de minorías sexuales (LHLMS) experimentan altos índices de VIH y disparidades de salud concurrentes. Los factores estructurales y psicosociales pueden provocar problemas de salud mental y, a su vez, reducir la participación con los comportamientos biomédicas de prevención del VIH. Este estudio transversal evaluó el grado en qué la inestabilidad estructural de la vida (IEV) está relacionada con la participación de los servicios de prevención del VIH (pruebas del VIH y uso de PrEP) indirectamente a través de la angustia psicológica entre 290 LHLMS que viven en el Gran Miami, un epicentro del VIH. Utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales híbridas, surgieron efectos directos significativos de SLI a la angustia psicológica, al igual que los efectos de la angustia psicológica a la participación en la prevención del VIH. El SLI tuvo un efecto indirecto significativo en la participación en la prevención del VIH a través de la angustia psicológica. Los resultados muestran un posible mecanismo que explica la relación entre el SLI y la participación en la biomédica prevención del VIH.

The 21st century has brought unique opportunities and challenges for parents, and this is particularly true for Latinx families, whose children comprise more than one-fourth of the school-age population in the U.S. today. Taking an ecological and strengths-based approach, the current study examined the role of mothers\' cultural assets (familism values, family cohesion) and challenges (economic hardship, ethnic-race-based discrimination) on children\'s educational adjustment in middle childhood, as well as the indirect role of mother-child warmth and conflict in these associations. The sample included 173 Latinx mothers and their middle childhood offspring (i.e., 5th graders and younger sisters/brothers in the 1st through 4th grade). Mothers participated in home visits and phone interviews and teachers provided ratings of children\'s educational adjustment (academic and socioemotional competence, aggressive/oppositional behaviors). Findings revealed family cohesion was indirectly linked to children\'s educational adjustment via mother-child warmth and conflict, particularly for younger siblings. Discussion focuses on the culturally based strengths of Latinx families and highlights potential implications for family-based prevention in middle childhood.

The current study utilized a three-step cultural adaptation process to adapt a universal-coparenting program for Latinx adolescent parents in a school-based setting. First, focus groups were conducted with adolescent parents (n = 13; 100% Latinx; 69% female), their parents (n = 17; 94% Latinx; 82% female), and school staff (n = 7; 71% White; 100% female) to identify unique needs faced by this population. Second, the program was adapted to include new lesson modules (e.g., coparenting with grandparents, coparenting after breakups) and structural reformatting to fit a school schedule. Third, selected lessons from the adapted program were piloted in four schools with 32 Latinx adolescent parents (97% Latinx; 78% female). Lesson evaluation surveys and focus group data assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the service delivery method and content to show the program was well received. However, implementation challenges emerged when attempting to provide services to adolescent fathers and Spanish-speaking adolescents. This manuscript provides an example of how to use this cultural adaptation process to tailor prevention programs, highlights a new prevention program that can serve as a resource for adolescent parents, and provides several recommendations for working with Latinx adolescent parents.
El presente estudio utilizó un proceso de adaptación cultural de tres pasos para adaptar un programa de cocrianza universal para padres adolescentes latinos en un entorno escolar. En primer lugar, se realizaron grupos de análisis con padres adolescentes (n = 13; el 100 % latinos; el 69 % mujeres), sus padres (n = 17; el 94 % latinos; el 82 % mujeres), y el personal escolar (n = 7; el 71 % blancos; el 100 % mujeres) para identificar las necesidades únicas que enfrenta esta población. En segundo lugar, el programa se adaptó para incluir módulos de enseñanza nuevos (p. ej.: la cocrianza con los abuelos, la cocrianza después de las separaciones) y para modificar el formato estructural de manera que se ajustara al horario escolar. En tercer lugar, se hicieron pruebas piloto de lecciones elegidas del programa adaptado en cuatro escuelas con 32 padres adolescentes latinos (el 97 % latinos; el 78 % mujeres). Se utilizaron encuestas de evaluación de las lecciones y datos de los grupos de análisis para evaluar la viabilidad y la aceptabilidad del método de prestación del servicio y del contenido a fin de demostrar que el programa fue bien recibido. Sin embargo, los desafíos de la implementación surgieron a la hora de prestar servicios a los padres adolescentes y a los adolescentes que hablan español. Este manuscrito brinda un ejemplo de cómo usar este proceso de adaptación cultural para adaptar programas de prevención, destaca un nuevo programa de prevención que puede servir como recurso para padres adolescentes y ofrece varias recomendaciones para trabajar con padres adolescentes latinos.
本研究专门为拉丁裔青少年父母在学校为基础的环境下修订了一个文化调适项目，即一项通用-共同抚养孩子教育计划，利用的是三步文化适应过程。首先，进行了重点小组讨论，召集对象是青少年父母(n = 13;Latinx 100%;69%女性)，他们的家长(n = 17;Latinx 94%;女性82%)，学校工作人员(n = 7;71%的白人;100%为女性)，旨在确定这群人所面临的独特需求。其次，该项目进行了调整，加入了一些新的课程模块(例如，与祖父母共同抚养、离异后共同抚养)，并进行结构上的重新调整，以适应学校的时间安排。第三，从调适后的计划中挑选的课程在四所学校进行了试点，这些学校有32名拉丁裔青少年家长(97%是拉丁裔;78%的女性)。课程评估调查和焦点小组数据评估了提供服务的方法和内容的可行性和可接受性，表明该计划深受欢迎。然而，在试图向青少年父亲和说西班牙语的青少年提供服务时，在执行方面遇到一些困难。本文提供了一个如何使用这种文化适应过程来定制预防计划的例子，强调了一种新的预防计划，可以作为青少年父母的资源，并为与拉丁裔青少年父母合作提供了一些建议。.