Lactococcus garvieae

链球菌
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    2022年5月从患病的大灰岩(Serioladumerili)中分离出的garvieae乳球菌KN22525的完整基因组序列,具有诺米湾体表发红的总体迹象,Japan,已确定。多位点测序分型显示KN22525的基因型为ST95型序列。
    The complete genome sequence of Lactococcus garvieae KN22525, isolated in May 2022 from a diseased greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) with a gross indication of body surface redness in Nomi Bay, Japan, was determined. Multilocus sequencing typing revealed that KN22525\'s genotype was sequence type ST95.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    链球菌和嗜水气单胞菌的共感染,已从患病的尼罗河罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)中得到证实,Chistralada菌株在喀拉拉邦Alappuzha区的淡水养殖池塘中培养,印度。疾病爆发背后的病原经过细菌学证明,并通过16SrRNA测序和系统发育分析得到证实。毒力基因的PCR检测,在获得的嗜水气单胞菌菌株中显示出粘附素和溶血素的存在。为了实现科赫的假设,进行了攻击实验,计算出L.garvieae和A.hydrophila的中位致死剂量(LD50)分别为1×105.91CFU/mL和1×105.2CFU/mL。组织病理学,眼睛,脾,脾和肾脏是主要被L.garvieae和A.hydrophila感染的器官。在测试抗生素敏感性的13种抗生素中,L.garvieae显示出对测试的近7种抗生素的抗性,对环丙沙星具有抗性,而嗜水杆菌对链霉素和红霉素具有抗性。了解革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌在鱼类宿主疾病过程和发病机理中的复杂相互作用将有助于有效的治疗策略。作为对这种复杂互动的初步调查,本研究针对表型和基因型表征,致病性评价,淡水养殖尼罗罗非鱼患病样品中共同感染病原体的抗生素敏感性。
    Co-infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Aeromonas hydrophila, has been confirmed from diseased Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Chithralada strain cultured in a freshwater rearing pond of Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. The aetiological agents behind the disease outbreak were bacteriologically proven and confirmed by 16SrRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. PCR detection of the virulent genes, showed existence of adhesin and hemolysin in L. garvieae and aerolysin in A. hydrophila strain obtained. To fulfil Koch\'s postulates, challenge experiments were conducted and median lethal dose (LD50) of L. garvieae and A. hydrophila was calculated as 1 × 105.91 CFU per mL and 1 × 105.2 CFU per mL respectively. Histopathologically, eyes, spleen, and kidney were the predominantly infected organs by L. garvieae and A. hydrophila. Out of the 13 antibiotics tested to check antibiotic susceptibility, L. garvieae showed resistance to almost 7 antibiotics tested, with a resistance to Ciprofloxacin while A. hydrophila was found resistant to Streptomycin and Erythromycin. Understanding the complex interaction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the disease process and pathogenesis in fish host will contribute to efficient treatment strategies. As a preliminary investigation into this complex interaction, the present study is aimed at phenotypic and genotypic characterization, pathogenicity evaluation, and antibiotic susceptibility of the co-infecting pathogens in a diseased sample of freshwater-farmed Nile tilapia.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    链球菌是一种革兰氏阳性球菌,很容易被误认为是肠球菌。或者链球菌.L.garvieae感染与生鱼和未经巴氏消毒的乳制品的消费有关。虽然罕见,可引起感染性心内膜炎(IE)。在这里,我们报告了一例由L.garvieae引起的IE需要主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)的病例。一名79岁的日本男子有高血压病史,心肌梗塞,胃食管反流病(GERD),腹主动脉瘤表现为食欲不振,肌痛,移动困难。体格检查发现有舒张性杂音,一个奥斯勒的节点在右边的第一个脚趾,龋齿,还有一个明显的脾脏,建议IE。经胸超声心动图显示,主动脉瓣上的移动植被,这与严重的主动脉瓣反流有关。血培养显示L.garvieae。病人接受了抗生素治疗,接受了AVR,并且恢复了,没有严重的并发症。迄今为止,已报告30例L.garvieae相关IE。我们回顾并总结了所有与L.garvieae相关的IE病例,包括我们的病例。
    Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive coccus that can be easily misidentified as Enterococcus spp. or streptococci. Infection with L. garvieae is associated with the consumption of raw fish and unpasteurized dairy products. Although rare, it can cause infective endocarditis (IE). Herein, we report a case in which aortic valve replacement (AVR) was required for IE caused by L. garvieae. A 79-year-old Japanese man with a history of hypertension, myocardial infarction, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and abdominal aortic aneurysm presented with loss of appetite, myalgia, and difficulty in moving. Physical examination revealed a diastolic murmur, an Osler\'s node on the right first toe, dental caries, and a palpable spleen, suggesting IE. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large, mobile vegetation on the aortic valve, which was associated with severe aortic regurgitation. Blood cultures revealed L. garvieae. The patient received antibiotic therapy, underwent AVR, and recovered without major complications. To date, 30 cases of L. garvieae-associated IE have been reported. We reviewed and summarized all cases of L. garvieae-associated IE including our case.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    optrA基因编码ABC-F蛋白,该蛋白赋予对恶唑烷酮和酚的交叉抗性。插入序列ISVlu1,一个新的ISL3家族成员,最近有报道称,optrA参与了黄球菌的传播。然而,ISVlu1在动员抗性基因中的作用尚未完全探索。在这项研究中,在来自链球菌的质粒pBN62-optrA上发现了两个完整和三个截短的ISVlu1拷贝。对遗传背景的分析表明,optrA和酚抗性基因fexA的两侧都有完整或截短的ISVlu1拷贝。此外,三个不同大小的基于ISVlu1的可移位单元(TU)携带optrA和/或fexA,从pBN62-optrA检测到。序列分析表明,TU-optrA是通过同源重组产生的,而TU-fexA和TU-optrAfexA是非法重组的产物。重要的是,缀合测定证实pBN62-optrA能够成功转移到受体粪肠球菌JH2-2中。据我们所知,这是有关L.garvieae中携带optrA的质粒的首次报道,该质粒可以水平转移到其他物种中。更重要的是,在不同物种的细菌中也观察到包含optrA和/或fexA的ISVlu1侧翼遗传结构,这强调了ISVlu1是高度活跃的,在一些重要的抗性基因的转移中起着至关重要的作用,例如optrA和fexA。
    The optrA gene encodes an ABC-F protein which confers cross-resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols. Insertion sequence ISVlu1, a novel ISL3-family member, was recently reported to be involved in the transmission of optrA in Vagococcus lutrae. However, the role of ISVlu1 in mobilizing resistance genes has not yet fully explored. In this study, two complete and three truncated copies of ISVlu1 were found on plasmid pBN62-optrA from Lactococcus garvieae. Analysis of the genetic context showed that both optrA and the phenicols resistance gene fexA were flanked by the complete or truncated ISVlu1 copies. Moreover, three different-sized ISVlu1-based translocatable units (TUs) carrying optrA and/or fexA, were detected from pBN62-optrA. Sequence analysis revealed that the TU-optrA was generated by homologous recombination while TU-fexA and TU-optrA+fexA were the products of illegitimate recombinations. Importantly, conjugation assays confirmed that pBN62-optrA was able to successfully transfer into the recipient Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report about an optrA-carrying plasmid in L. garvieae which could horizontally transfer into other species. More importantly, the ISVlu1-flanked genetic structures containing optrA and/or fexA were also observed in bacteria of different species, which underlines that ISVlu1 is highly active and plays a vital role in the transfer of some important resistance genes, such as optrA and fexA.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

    求助全文

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    水产养殖作为主要食品部门的快速发展伴随着挑战,包括影响全世界罗非鱼养殖的疾病。由无乳链球菌引起的一种此类传染病对罗非鱼种群构成严重威胁。益生菌已成为针对无乳链球菌感染的潜在安全预防措施。然而,抗生素抗性细菌的抗菌素抗性仍然是一个令人担忧的问题,因为它可以导致抗性细菌的传播,并在鱼类和周围环境中充当抗生素抗性基因的储存库。本研究旨在鉴定能够促进罗非鱼生长的候选益生菌,对无乳链球菌感染提供抗性,没有潜在的致病性,并且没有抗生素抗性基因。随后,评估了这些益生菌候选物在罗非鱼中的表现。
    链球菌,大修道院,细菌。,巨大芽孢杆菌,枯草芽孢杆菌,和短小芽孢杆菌被检查以评估它们的抗菌特性,溶血模式,和抗生素抗性基因。我们使用了特异性引物tetA,tetB,tetd,tete,tetO,tetQ,ermB,和用于抗生素抗性基因检测的qnrS。通过在60天的维持期内以1×106菌落/mL/50g饲料的浓度在罗非鱼饲料中施用益生菌候选物来评估体内益生菌功效。在攻击测试后14天观察到对无乳链球菌感染的抗性。
    链球菌,巨大的P.,和细菌。在细菌分离物中被鉴定为有希望的益生菌候选物。另一方面,B.巨大的,B.枯草杆菌,短小芽孢杆菌携带抗性基因并表现出β溶血模式,使它们不适合作为益生菌候选人。选定的益生菌候选物(L.garvieae,巨大的P.,和细菌。)证明了增强罗非鱼生长的潜力,没有表现出致病倾向,并且没有抗生素抗性基因。补充L.garvieae和细菌。罗非鱼对无乳链球菌感染的抗性增强,而在攻击测试期后,与对照组相比,补充巨大P.
    益生菌,特别是L.Garvieae,巨大的P.,和细菌。,增强生长和抵抗无乳链球菌感染,不携带抗生素抗性基因.根据抗生素抗性基因选择益生菌候选物对于确保鱼类的安全至关重要,环境,和人类健康。
    UNASSIGNED: The rapid development of aquaculture as a major food sector is accompanied by challenges, including diseases that affect tilapia farming worldwide. One such infectious disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae poses a serious threat to tilapia populations. Probiotics have emerged as a potentially safe preventive measure against S. agalactiae infection. However, antimicrobial resistance from antibiotic-resistant bacteria remains a concern because it can lead to the spread of resistant bacteria and serve as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes in fishes and the surrounding environment. This study aimed to identify candidate probiotic bacteria capable of promoting tilapia growth, providing resistance to S. agalactiae infection, devoid of potential pathogenicity, and free from antibiotic resistance genes. Subsequently, the performance of these probiotic candidates in tilapia was evaluated.
    UNASSIGNED: Lactococcus garvieae, Priestia megaterium, Bacterium spp., Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus were examined to assess their antibacterial properties, hemolytic patterns, and antibiotic resistance genes. We used the specific primers tetA, tetB, tetD, tetE, tetO, tetQ, ermB, and qnrS that were used for antibiotic resistance gene detection. In vivo probiotic efficacy was evaluated by administering probiotic candidates in tilapia feed at a concentration of 1 × 106 colonies/mL/50 g of feed over a 60-day maintenance period. Resistance to S. agalactiae infection was observed for 14 days after the challenge test.
    UNASSIGNED: Lactococcus garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp. were identified as promising probiotic candidates among the bacterial isolates. On the other hand, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and B. pumilus carried resistance genes and exhibited a β hemolytic pattern, rendering them unsuitable as probiotic candidates. The selected probiotic candidates (L. garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp.) demonstrated the potential to enhance tilapia growth, exhibited no pathogenic tendencies, and were free from antibiotic resistance genes. Supplementation with L. garvieae and Bacterium spp. enhanced tilapia resistance to S. agalactiae infection, whereas P. megaterium supplementation showed an insignificant survival rate compared with controls after the challenge test period.
    UNASSIGNED: Probiotics, particularly L. garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp., enhance growth and resistance against S. agalactiae infection, without harboring antibiotic resistance genes. Selecting probiotic candidates based on antibiotic resistance genes is essential to ensure the safety of fish, the environment, and human health.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这篇小型评论涉及一些有争议的非起始乳酸菌(NSLAB)物种,这些物种既是人类和动物病原体,也是促进健康和益生菌。重点是链球菌,两种链球菌(S.uberis和S.parauberis),四种Weissella物种(W.hellenica,W.Confusa,W.paresenteroides,和W.cibaria),还有sciurimammalicocus,全世界,通常在不同种类奶酪的微生物中发现,主要是由原料奶和/或依靠环境细菌成熟的传统手工奶酪。根据文献数据,检查这些细菌的毒力和健康促进作用,并审查了这些行动的一些机制。此外,还讨论了它们在奶酪成熟中的可能作用。对迄今为止可获得的文献数据的分析表明,总的来说,致病性和有益菌株,尽管属于同一物种,显示出不同的遗传构成。然而,当评估给定菌株的安全性时,仅靠基因组分析是不够的,和多相方法,包括额外的生理和功能测试是必要的。
    This mini review deals with some controversial non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) species known to be both human and animal pathogens but also health-promoting and probiotic. The focus is on Lactococcus garvieae, two Streptococcus species (S. uberis and S. parauberis), four Weissella species (W. hellenica, W. confusa, W. paramesenteroides, and W. cibaria), and Mammalicoccus sciuri, which worldwide, are often found within the microbiotas of different kinds of cheese, mainly traditional artisanal cheeses made from raw milk and/or relying on environmental bacteria for their ripening. Based on literature data, the virulence and health-promoting effects of these bacteria are examined, and some of the mechanisms of these actions are reviewed. Additionally, their possible roles in cheese ripening are also discussed. The analysis of the literature data available so far showed that, in general, the pathogenic and the beneficial strains, despite belonging to the same species, show somewhat different genetic constitutions. Yet, when the safety of a given strain is assessed, genomic analysis on its own is not enough, and a polyphasic approach including additional physiological and functional tests is needed.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    产牛乳球菌是最近描述的乳球菌属物种。据报道,它与链球菌乳球菌一起是猪乳球菌病的病原体。L.garvieae已经被描述为人类感染的机会病原体,具有潜在的人畜共患作用。本文代表了由L.petauri引起的人类尿路感染的第一份报告。一名91岁的男子因家庭事故导致股骨骨折而被送往急诊科。通过手术减少了骨折,并且导管插入的尿液标本培养物显示革兰氏阳性球菌维持了较高的细菌负荷,Vitek2compact鉴定为L.garvieae,随后通过内部转录间隔区16S-23Sr-RNA扩增作为petauri。预计在不久的将来,人类中的L.petauri感染的数量将增加,这主要是由于诊断的改善。应该对人类中的L.garvieae和L.petauri感染进行专门调查,以更好地了解它们作为病原体和人畜共患病原体的作用。
    Lactococcus petauri is a recently described species of the genus Lactococcus. It was reported as an etiological agent of piscine lactococcosis together with Lactococcus garvieae. L. garvieae was already described as an opportunistic pathogen in human infections, with a potential zoonotic role. This paper represents the first report of a human urinary tract infection caused by L. petauri. A 91-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department for a femur fracture consequent to a domestic accident. The fracture was reduced by surgery and a catheterized specimen urine culture revealed a high bacterial load sustained by Gram-positive cocci, identified by Vitek 2 compact as L. garvieae, and subsequently as L. petauri through Internal Transcribed spacer 16S-23S r-RNA amplification. The number of L. petauri infections in humans is expected to rise in the near future mainly due to diagnostic improvement. A dedicated survey on L. garvieae and L. petauri infections in humans should be performed to better understand their role as pathogens and as zoonotic agents.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    链球菌,一种人畜共患病原体,可能很少通过食用鱼类感染人类。有文献记载的人类garvieae感染的表现包括感染性心内膜炎,假肢关节感染,肝脓肿,腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎,骨髓炎,脑膜炎,感染性脊椎盘炎,无结石性胆囊炎,和尿路感染.
    一名87岁的女性因食用熟鱼后继发于急性胃炎的咖啡地面呕吐而住院。她出院一周后,她出现了新发作的混乱,并被送回了医院。胸部计算机断层扫描显示左肺完全巩固和多部位左胸腔积液。患者需要插管并直接进入重症监护病房。胸膜液和血培养物生长。对头孢曲松敏感,青霉素,和万古霉素.尽管进行了13天的强化抗生素治疗和支持性治疗,病人仍然处于不可逆转的休克状态,家庭选择了舒适护理。
    迄今为止尚未报道,该病例表明,甘草可引起支气管肺炎和脓胸。
    UNASSIGNED: Lactococcus garvieae, a zoonotic pathogen, may rarely infect humans through the consumption of fish. Documented manifestations of L. garvieae infection in humans include infective endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, liver abscesses, peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, infective spondylodiscitis, acalculous cholecystitis, and urinary tract infection.
    UNASSIGNED: An 87-year-old female was hospitalized for coffee-ground emesis secondary to acute gastritis after eating cooked fish. One week after her discharge, she developed new-onset confusion and was returned to the hospital. Chest computed tomography revealed total consolidation of the left lung and a multiloculated left pleural effusion. The patient required intubation and direct admission to the intensive care unit. Pleural fluid and blood cultures grew L. garvieae, which was susceptible to ceftriaxone, penicillin, and vancomycin. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy and supportive care for thirteen days, the patient remained in irreversible shock, and the family opted for comfort care.
    UNASSIGNED: Heretofore unreported, this case demonstrates that L. garvieae can cause bronchopneumonia and empyema.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    链球菌是乳球菌病的病原体,一种影响养殖虹鳟鱼的临床和经济意义重大的传染病。L.garvieae长期以来被认为是乳球菌病的唯一原因;然而,L.petauri,乳球菌属的另一种,最近与同样的疾病有关。petauri和L.garvieae的基因组和生化谱具有高度的相似性。目前可用的传统诊断测试无法区分这两个物种。这项研究的目的是使用16SrRNA和23SrRNA之间的转录间隔区(ITS)区域作为潜在的有用分子靶标来区分L.garvieae和L.petauri,与目前用作准确区分这两个物种的诊断工具的基因组学方法相比,节省时间和金钱。对82个菌株的ITS区进行了扩增和测序。扩增的片段大小从500到550bp不等。根据序列,确定了七个SNP,将L.garvieae与L.petauri分开。16S-23SrRNAITS区域具有足够的分辨率来区分密切相关的L.garvieae和L.petauri,并且可以用作诊断标记以快速识别乳球菌病爆发中的病原体。
    Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis, a clinically and economically significant infectious disease affecting farmed rainbow trout. L. garvieae had been considered the only cause of lactococcosis for a long time; however, L. petauri, another species of the genus Lactococcus, has lately been linked to the same disease. The genomes and biochemical profiles of L. petauri and L. garvieae have a high degree of similarity. Traditional diagnostic tests currently available cannot distinguish between these two species. The aim of this study was to use the transcribed spacer (ITS) region between 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA as a potential useful molecular target to differentiate L. garvieae from L. petauri, saving time and money compared to genomics methods currently used as diagnostic tools for accurate discrimination between these two species. The ITS region of 82 strains was amplified and sequenced. The amplified fragments varied in size from 500 to 550 bp. Based on the sequence, seven SNPs were identified that separate L. garvieae from L. petauri. The 16S-23S rRNA ITS region has enough resolution to distinguish between closely related L. garvieae and L. petauri and it can be used as a diagnostic marker to quickly identify the pathogens in a lactococcosis outbreak.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    饮食中补充免疫刺激剂可能会有效减少由于传染病和水产养殖中使用抗生素而造成的经济损失。目的探讨黄尾丝草中白细胞介素-12(IL-12)对热灭活植物乳杆菌L-137(HKL-137)的免疫应答,我们进行了白细胞培养,使用含L-137的饮食进行喂养试验,并使用链球菌进行浸泡挑战。IL-12(IL-12p70)是由IL-12p35和IL-12p40亚基组成的异二聚体细胞因子。在黄尾白细胞培养中,HKL-137处理刺激了一个IL12p35亚基(p35a)和所有IL12p40亚基(p40a,p40b,和p40c)以剂量依赖性方式。此外,I型辅助(Th-1)细胞因子(肿瘤坏死因子α,TNF-α,和干扰素γ,IFN-γ)也被HKL-137刺激。用含有0、20和100ppmHKL-137的日粮饲喂黄尾鱼6周后,脾白细胞中p35a和p40b的mRNA表达随HKL-137日粮浓度的增加而增加,p40b,p40c,在20ppmHKL-137组中,头肾白细胞的ifng最高。在用L.garvieae浸没攻击后,20ppmHKL-137组的存活率显着高于对照组(0ppmHKL-137)。100ppmHKL-137组未显著抑制死亡率。HKL-137通过增加il-12,tnfa的表达而显示出免疫刺激活性,以及在黄尾鱼的体外和体内测试中的ifngmRNA。我们的结果表明,饮食中添加20ppmHKL-137是提高黄尾鱼免疫力的最有效剂量。此外,高剂量的HKL-137和/或长期喂养含有HKL-137的饮食可能会抑制免疫反应,这可能会降低鱼的存活率。为了保持黄尾鱼的高免疫反应,应进一步研究HKL-137的最佳饮食浓度和/或喂养方式。
    Dietary supplementation of immunostimulants might be effective to reduce the economic losses due to infectious diseases and the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. To investigate the immune response of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum strain L-137 (HK L-137), we performed a leukocyte culture, feeding trial with diets containing L-137 and an immersion challenge with Lactococcus garvieae. IL-12 (IL-12p70) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 subunits. In the yellowtail-leukocyte culture, HK L-137 treatment stimulated the mRNA expression of one IL12p35 subunit (p35a) and all IL12p40 subunits (p40a, p40b, and p40c) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, mRNA expression of type-I helper (Th-1) cytokine (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α, and interferon γ, IFN-γ) was also stimulated by HK L-137. After 6 weeks of feeding yellowtails with diets containing 0, 20, and 100 ppm of HK L-137, the mRNA expression of p35a and p40b in the spleen leukocytes increased with the dietary concentration of HK L-137, and that of p40b, p40c, and ifng in the head kidney leukocytes were the highest in the 20 ppm HK L-137 group. Survival rates in the 20 ppm HK L-137 group after immersion challenge with L. garvieae were significantly higher than the control (0 ppm of HK L-137). The 100 ppm HK L-137 group did not significantly suppress mortality. HK L-137 showed immunostimulant activity by increasing the expression of il-12, tnfa, and ifng mRNA in both in vitro and in vivo tests in yellowtail. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with 20 ppm HK L-137 is the most efficient dose for improving immunity in yellowtail. Furthermore, a high dose of HK L-137 and/or long-term feeding of a diet containing HK L-137 might suppress the immune response, which probably decreases the survival rate of fish. To maintain a high immune response in yellowtail, the optimal dietary concentration of HK L-137 and/or feeding regime should be investigated further.
    导出

    更多引用

    收藏

    翻译标题摘要

    我要上传

       PDF(Pubmed)

公众号