BACKGROUND: Pink coloration of breast milk is uncommon and it´s associated with colonization by Serratia marcescens, which is most frequently isolated in intensive care settings. Misinterpretation of the pink coloration may lead to premature cessation of breastfeeding. The objective is to present four cases of pink discoloration.
METHODS: Two retrospective and two prospective cases of pink discoloration in breast milk are described, which were reported to the lead author.
RESULTS: Four healthy mother-infant pairs with documented pink discoloration are presented. S. marcescens was isolated from breast milk samples. All four infants were asymptomatic and underwent enterobacteria cultures. The mothers received outpatient antibiotic treatment, and two infants received treatment as well. Subsequent cultures yielded negative results, and the pink discoloration ceased. All mothers successfully resumed breastfeeding.
CONCLUSIONS: There are very few reported cases of pink breast milk in the global literature. Colonization by S. marcescens is not an indication for discontinuation of breastfeeding.
UNASSIGNED: La coloración rosa de la leche materna es poco frecuente y está asociada a colonización por Serratia marcescens. Se aísla con mayor frecuencia en entornos de cuidados intensivos. La desinformación por la coloración rosa puede conducir a una terminación prematura de la lactancia. El objetivo es presentar cuatro casos de coloración rosa de la leche materna.
UNASSIGNED: Se describen dos casos retrospectivos y dos prospectivos de presentación de leche materna de color rosa. Los casos fueron reportados a la autora principal.
RESULTS: Se presentan cuatro binomios sanos con reporte de coloración rosa. Se aisló S. marcescens en una muestra de leche materna. Los cuatro lactantes eran asintomáticos y tuvieron cultivos para la enterobacteria. Las madres fueron tratadas con antibiótico ambulatorio. Dos lactantes recibieron tratamiento. Todos los cultivos posteriores fueron negativos y la coloración rosa cesó. Todos reanudaron la lactancia materna de forma exitosa.
CONCLUSIONS: Existen muy pocos casos de leche de color rosa reportados en la literatura mundial. La colonización por S. marcescens no es una indicación de suspensión de la lactancia.

BACKGROUND: During breastfeeding, the maternal diet ensures mothers and infants health. Therefore, it is necessary to update information about the diet of exclusively or partially breastfeeding women in each population. We evaluated the diet of Sonoran breastfeeding women, identified their dietary patterns, and examined their association with the breastfeeding regime.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 62 women breastfeeding exclusively (n = 43) or partially (n = 19) participated. The diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and patterns were identified through principal component analysis.
RESULTS: Overall, fats and sodium intake were higher, while potassium intake was lower than recommended. Two dietary patterns were identified: \"regional\" (n = 36) and \"prudent\" (n = 26). Women following the \"prudent\" pattern consumed more protein, calcium, and potassium than those following the \"regional\" pattern (p < 0.05). The probability of exclusively breastfeeding women having a \"prudent\" dietary pattern was higher than that of partially breastfeeding women (adjusted odds ratios = 7.29, p = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive breastfeeding possibly motivated mothers to follow a more prudent diet than those who partially breastfed. Therefore, it is crucial to promote a healthy diet among breastfeeding mothers.
UNASSIGNED: Durante el amamantamiento, la dieta garantiza la salud materno-infantil. Por esto, es necesario contar con información actualizada sobre la dieta de quienes amamantan exclusiva o parcialmente en cada población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la dieta de mujeres sonorenses amamantando, identificar sus patrones dietarios y buscar su asociación con el régimen de lactancia.
UNASSIGNED: En este estudio transversal participaron 62 mujeres amamantando de forma exclusiva (n = 43) o parcialmente (n = 19). Se evaluó la dieta con un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y los patrones se identificaron a través del análisis de componentes principales.
RESULTS: En general, la ingestión de grasas y sodio fue superior y la de potasio inferior a las cantidades recomendadas. Se identificaron dos patrones dietarios: “regional” (n = 36) y “prudente” (n = 26). Las mujeres con patrón “prudente” ingirieron más proteína, calcio y potasio que las del patrón “regional” (p < 0.05). La probabilidad de que las mujeres que amamantaban en exclusiva siguieran un patrón dietario “prudente” fue mayor que la de aquellas que amamantaban parcialmente (razón de momios ajustada (AOR) = 7.29, p = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS: La lactancia exclusiva posiblemente motivó a las madres a seguir una dieta más prudente que la de aquellas que amamantaban parcialmente. Es necesario promover una dieta saludable entre las madres amamantando.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review aimed to analyze if acupoint stimulation increases lactation quantity.
METHODS: Studies were collected from five electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. Eligibility criteria were full-text articles in English or Spanish with clinical trial design and observational studies, with no restriction on time of publication, in which the effect of acupoint stimulation on improving the quantity of lactation by conventional acupuncture, electroacupuncture, laser, fire needling, manual stimulation, tuina or catgut had been evaluated. Two authors independently extracted data for the characteristics and main outcomes of the studies selected for inclusion. The risk of bias (RoB 2 and Robins-I) and the quality assessments (GRADE) were performed. For the quantitative synthesis, the standardized mean difference was calculated for each individual study selected and then the data were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included in the present review. Most of the included studies exhibited some concerns in the risk of bias assessment. The quality of the studies was moderate. The meta-analysis showed that manual acupoint stimulation improves the lactation quantity (SMD 95% CI = 1.63 [1.13-2.13]; p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: The literature suggests that manual stimulation of acupuncture points improves the amount of milk produced during lactation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to explore the influence of Web 2.0 as a complementary support network to traditional networks for the promotion of breastfeeding (BF).
METHODS: Qualitative and exploratory study carried out from September 8 to December 31, 2022, at the Las Vegas Health Centre (Corvera), Health Service of the Principality of Asturias (SESPA). The participants were 5 professional experts in BF and 7 breastfeeding mothers, who made up two focus groups, selected by convenience sampling. The analysis consisted of transcription of data, in-depth reading, analysis by grouping concepts and classification of the information into categories.
RESULTS: After the final analysis, seven categories were identified, organised according to the proximity of the topic and the proposed objective, based on the most significant discourses of the study: difficulties during BF, importance of receiving help: first support networks, other support networks, A health system with deficiencies, pandemic and BF 2.0, Health 2.0 and apps in BF: new form of support and characteristics of an \"ideal\" app on BF.
CONCLUSIONS: Web 2.0 has revolutionised the way mothers access information and support on BF, creating an online support network connecting mothers and professionals around the world, providing up-to-date information and enabling a source of emotional support through the creation of peer groups. This positive influence of Web 2.0 has had a significant impact on promoting BF and empowering mothers to make informed decisions about their breastfeeding process.

OBJECTIVE: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance.
METHODS: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). SITE: Primary care paediatricians\' office.
METHODS: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits.
METHODS: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed.
RESULTS: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother\'s level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations.
CONCLUSIONS: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

At the beginning of breastfeeding, difficulties such as rusty-pipe syndrome may appear. Very little known, it presents with colostrum that is brown in color, rusty or bloody in appearance bilaterally. Despite having a spontaneous resolution and being painless, it requires education and training in its approach by health personnel. This syndrome generates stress and maternal concern. The clinical case of a postpartum woman who wishes to breastfeed is presented, the situation experienced during the first postpartum week and the care plan that is designed and applied in the midwife\'s primary care consultation to achieve the initial objective are reported. and maintenance of breastfeeding. Resolution is spontaneous during the first days, it is recommended to assess the newborn\'s tolerance to colostrum and not suspend breastfeeding in general for this reason. More research is required to publicize this syndrome and improve the advice and counselling of breastfeeding professionals.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding the postpartum period in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is scarce. We aim to evaluate the relation of impaired hypoglycaemia awareness (IAH) in early pregnancy and breastfeeding status (its presence and duration) with severe postpartum hypoglycaemia (SH).
METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of women with T1D followed during pregnancy between 2012 and 2019. Data on SH were recorded before and during pregnancy. IAH was evaluated at the first antenatal visit. Data on breastfeeding and the long-term postpartum period were collected by questionnaire and from medical records.
RESULTS: A total of 89 women with T1D were included with a median follow-up after pregnancy of 19.2 [8.7-30.5] months. Twenty-eight (32%) women had IAH at the first antenatal visit. At discharge, 74 (83%) started breastfeeding during a median of 8 [4.4-15] months. A total of 18 (22%) women experienced ≥1 SH during postpartum. The incidence of SH significantly increased from pregestational to the gestational and post-partum period (0.09, 0.15 and 0.25 episodes/patient-year, respectively). Postpartum SH rates were comparable in breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women (21.4% vs. 25%, respectively, p>0.05). Clarke test score at the first antenatal visit was associated with postpartum SH (for each 1-point increase: OR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.06-2.21) adjusted for confounders. No other diabetes and pregnancy-related variables were identified as predictors of SH in this period.
CONCLUSIONS: SH are common in the long-term postpartum period independently of breastfeeding. Assessing IAH in early pregnancy could identify those at an increased risk of SH in the postpartum period.

Research gaps exist with regard to paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding and the association between fathers\' attitudes and the type of breastfeeding.
To analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale in fathers, and (2) to examine the association between fathers\' attitudes and type of breastfeeding.
We used a cross-sectional study design to analyze the scale\'s psychometric properties and performance.
A total of 639 fathers participated in the study. The mean age was 35.83 years (SD = 4.65) and 67.3% (n = 430) were married or in a civil partnership. We observed an adequate fit in the confirmatory factor analysis: TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97 and RMSEA = 0.05. The overall internal consistency was 0.76. Between 1-6 months, 48% (n = 307) of participants\' babies were exclusively breastfed, 35.2% (n = 225) were partially breastfed, and 16.7% (n = 107) were exclusively formula fed. Statistically significant differences were shown in attitudes towards breastfeeding, depending on the type of breastfeeding, between 1 and 6 months (F = 54.67; p < .001). Fathers who reported that their baby had been exclusively breastfed scored higher on attitudes towards breastfeeding. Statistically significant differences were also found between partial breastfeeding and formula feeding.
The Spanish version of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the breast milk-increasing practices healthcare professionals used with their children and their recommendations to mothers.
METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study in a Mediterranean region of Turkey. It was carried out with 301 healthcare professionals working in 64 Family Health Centers between January and June 2018. The data were collected by the researchers with a questionnaire including 28 questions.
RESULTS: The mean age of healthcare professionals was 36.89±8.5. All the healthcare professionals encountered mothers with the perception of insufficient breast milk. 73.7% of those with children had breast milk-increasing practices. Increased age negatively affected these practices (OR: 0.923), and increased education positively affected the practices (OR: 3.489). Having received training on breastfeeding and breast milk-increasing measures positively affected the use of practices (OR: 2.118). The use of breast milk-increasing practices by healthcare professionals positively affected their recommendations to mothers (OR: 2.506).
CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals had their own breast milk boosting practices that they recommended to women as well. This result is especially significant in terms of guiding mothers who wish to increase breast milk supply and seek reliable information and contributes to the protection of maternal and newborn health.

As health professionals, we have memorized that \"newborns can lose up to 10% of their birth weight during the first week of life and should regain it by two weeks of age\". However, this statement, which appears so accurate, comes from studies conducted in the 1960s, when medical knowledge and how newborns were fed were utterly different from what it is today. Currently, multiple factors contribute to the percentage of weight loss at birth and the rate at which this weight is regained. There are nomograms for exclusively breastfed and formula-fed newborns and those by vaginal or cesarean delivery. To meet the World Health Organization\'s goal of exclusively breastfeeding newborns, it is essential to recognize that \"loss of more than 10% of birth weight\" does not represent the need for formula supplementation. When assessing these cases, we must consider several factors that influence the percentage of weight loss in newborns. Therefore, diagnostic decisions should always be individualized in favor of breastfeeding.
Como profesionales de la salud hemos memorizado que “los recién nacidos pueden perder hasta el 10% de su peso al nacimiento durante la primera semana de vida, y deben recuperarlo al cumplir 2 semanas de vida”. Sin embargo, esta afirmación, que aparenta ser matemáticamente exacta, proviene de estudios realizados en la década de los 60, cuando el conocimiento médico y la forma de alimentar a los recién nacidos era completamente diferente a lo que es ahora. Actualmente se reconocen múltiples factores que pueden influir en el porcentaje de pérdida de peso al nacimiento y el ritmo con el cual se recupera este peso. Se cuenta con diferentes nomogramas para recién nacidos alimentados exclusivamente con leche materna y aquellos alimentados con fórmula láctea, e incluso aquellos nacidos por cesárea o por vía vaginal. Para que se logre apoyar la meta de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de alimentar exclusivamente con leche materna a los recién nacidos, es imprescindible reconocer que la “pérdida de más del 10% del peso al nacimiento” no representa por sí sola la necesidad de suplementación artificial. Al evaluar estos casos, se deben considerar varios factores que influyen en el porcentaje de peso que pierde un recién nacido. Por ello, las decisiones diagnósticas deben ser siempre individualizadas en favor de la lactancia materna.