Intraocular pressure is currently the only known reliable, modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. Other risk factors for glaucoma include increasing age, myopia, decreased central corneal thickness, and low corneal hysteresis (CH) measurements. Photoablative keratorefractive surgery including laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has become a common way to treat refractive error, with over 25 million procedures performed in the United States alone. Though myopic LASIK has been associated with a decrease in CH measurements, relatively little is known about the risk of LASIK on glaucoma onset and progression. Here we present an observational study of 4 consecutive relatively young and otherwise healthy glaucoma patients with a history of myopic LASIK who showed progression of paracentral visual field deficits at intraocular pressures of 12 mm Hg or less while being carefully monitored. Therefore, these patients required lower targets of intraocular pressure, in the single-digit range, to slow or halt progression. In this cohort, the average corneal hysteresis was more than 2 standard deviations below normal values. This series suggests that additional study into the association of LASIK and glaucoma is warranted, including the potential risk contribution of diminished CH. These studies may be particularly relevant as patients who underwent LASIK procedures in the early 2000s may now be at increased risk of glaucoma due to the risk factor of age.

UNASSIGNED: To assess the long-term (1-year) effect of myopic femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FSLASIK) on clinical characteristics and tear film biomarkers.
UNASSIGNED: Eighty eyes from 80 patients who underwent FSLASIK were evaluated. Ocular surface symptoms and signs were evaluated using specific questionnaires and tests. The corneal nerves and dendritic cells were examined using in vivo confocal microscopy. Corneal sensitivity was evaluated using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Tear inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides were evaluated using Luminex immunoassay. These examinations were performed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: Seventy-three participants completed all follow-up visits. Following FS-LASIK, ocular symptoms and signs (except Schirmer I test) worsened at 1 month but corneal and conjunctival stainings improved by 3 months. The numbers of dendritic cells and activated dendritic cells increased at the 3-month postoperative visit and recovered to preoperative levels by the 6-month visit. Ocular symptoms and corneal sensitivity recovered to preoperative levels at the 12-month visit. Tear break-up time and corneal nerve morphology were not recovered to preoperative status at the 12-month visit. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and substance P tear levels significantly increased at all postoperative visits compared to preoperative levels. Corneal staining scores positively correlated with tear IL-1β and IL-17A levels, whereas corneal nerve morphology positively correlated with corneal sensitivity and negatively correlated with substance P levels.
UNASSIGNED: Although most clinical variables improved at 12 months postoperatively, some tear inflammatory cytokines and substance P remain altered beyond 12 months, indicating that ocular homeostasis is not completely recovered. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e508-e519.].

UNASSIGNED: To determine factors influencing patient satisfaction scores in recipients of refractive surgery.
UNASSIGNED: In this prospective survey-based study, patients who had refractive surgery at an outpatient refractive clinic completed a survey of selected questions from the Press Ganey survey and the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25. Correlation between patient-specific variables and survey questions were assessed using Student\'s t-tests.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-three patients were recruited over a 3-year period. Most were male (55%) and middle aged (mean age: 34 years). Eleven percent underwent photorefractive keratectomy surgery and the rest had laser in situ keratomileusis, with no complications. Twenty-four percent of surveyed patients reported mild to moderate eye pain postoperatively, with the rest reporting no pain. All patients reported a full score for overall satisfaction.
UNASSIGNED: This study found persistent high patient satisfaction score across a variation of characteristics, suggesting that optimal scores are mainstay after refractive surgery procedures with excellent visual outcomes, independent of patient clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e539-e543.].

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new aspheric ablation profile for correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism.
UNASSIGNED: This prospective, multicenter study included patients who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using a new aspheric ablation profile of the Technolas Teneo 317 (Model 2) excimer laser (version 1.28 US SW) by Technolas Perfect Vision, Bausch+Lomb, Inc. No nomogram adjustments were made, and the patient\'s manifest refraction was entered into the laser (for treatment). Postoperative assessments included visual and refractive outcomes. Patients were asked to complete the Patient-Reported Outcomes With LASIK (PROWL) questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 333 eyes from 168 patients with a mean age of 33 ± 7 years were included. At postoperative 9 months, uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities of 20/25 or better were seen in 97.8% and 100% of eyes, respectively. None of the eyes lost two or more lines of corrected distance visual acuity. The mean manifest spherical refraction improved from -5.67 ± 2.52 diopters (D) preoperatively to -0.04 ± 0.32 D postoperatively, with 92.7% of eyes achieving residual refractive error within ±0.50 D. Residual refractive cylinder within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D was seen in 93% and 99.4% eyes, respectively. The refractive outcomes were stable throughout the follow-up of 9 months. The proportion of patients satisfied with their vision rose from 27.7% preoperatively to 98.1% postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: LASIK performed using a new aspheric ablation profile of the Technolas Teneo 317 (Model 2) excimer laser is safe and effective for correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism, yielding excellent visual and refractive outcomes that were stable over 9 months. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e544-e553.].

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the current decision-making capabilities of 6 different artificial intelligence (AI) models by assessing their refractive surgery recommendations (laser in-situ keratomileusis [LASIK] or photorefractive keratectomy [PRK]) for a theoretical patient with a history of keloid formation.
UNASSIGNED: Claude-2 (Anthropic, 2023), GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023), GPT-3.5 (OpenAI, 2022), Gemini 1.0 (Google DeepMind, 2023), Microsoft Copilot (Microsoft AI, 2023), and Google-PaLM (Google AI, 2022) underwent three systematic queries to determine the most appropriate surgical plan (LASIK or PRK) for a theoretical patient with an increasing manifest refraction of -3.50, -5.00, and -7.00 diopters (D) in both eyes, an uncomplicated ocular examination, and history of keloid formation. They were then tasked with providing published scientific references to support their responses. The AI models\' recommendations were compared to those of a group of 6 experienced ophthalmologists, serving as a benchmark.
UNASSIGNED: The group of ophthalmologists unanimously recommended LASIK (6/6 ophthalmologists), in contrast to the unanimous initial recommendation for PRK from the AI models (6/6 models). Of the 42 references provided by the AI models, 55% were fictitious and 45% were authentic. Only 1 of the 6 models altered its initial recommendation to LASIK when presented with the same patient with a history of keloid formation but with increasing severity of myopia (-3.50 to 5.00 to 7.00 D).
UNASSIGNED: It is evident that current AI models lack the critical-thinking abilities required to accurately analyze and assess apparent risk factors in clinical scenarios, such as the risk of corneal haze after PRK at higher levels of myopia, particularly in cases with a history of keloid formation. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e533-e538.].

UNASSIGNED: To explore the use of autologous astigmatic lenticule reshaping and rotation surgery to correct high astigmatism in conjunction with excimer laser technology to correct residual refractive error.
UNASSIGNED: Six patients with high astigmatism (8 eyes, all with astigmatism from -5.50 to -11.00 diopters [D]) seeking refractive error correction were enrolled. The following methods were used to correct refractive errors that could not be corrected by a single conventional surgery: (1) cutting of a customized lens using FLEx technology, (2) lifting of the corneal flap and reshaping the autologous astigmatic lenticule in situ using an excimer laser, and (3) rotation of the autologous astigmatic lenticule by 90°. Uncorrected distance visual acuity, subjective refraction, corneal topography, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography were performed preoperatively and postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: The efficacy and safety indices at 6 months postoperatively were 0.93 ± 0.18 and 1.06 ± 0.11, respectively, the spherical equivalent remained stable and close to emmetropia (-0.13 ± 0.70 D) from 1 to 6 months postoperatively, postoperative astigmatism was generally mildly undercorrected (-1.22 ± 0.43 D), and the difference in corneal curvatures at 2 mm from the apex of the cornea was significantly reduced compared to preoperatively (P < .05); however, the corresponding values at 1 and 3 mm showed no difference.
UNASSIGNED: Correction of high astigmatism with autologous astigmatic lenticule reshaping and rotation surgery is tissue-sparing, predictable, and significantly improves postoperative visual acuity and quality. This method is feasible and safe, with predictability requiring further study. This novel surgical approach has potential for patients with high astigmatism that cannot be corrected by conventional refractive surgery. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(8):e554-e561.].

BACKGROUND: To analyze the clinical outcomes after topography-guided femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) with Phorcides Analytic Engine (PAE) algorithm or Custom-Q FS-LASIK for myopia with nonastigmatic eyes.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, a total of 90 eyes with myopia without manifest astigmatism (82 patients) were included. All surgeries were performed by topography-guided FS-LASIK planned with a PAE algorithm (42 eyes) or Custom-Q system (48 eyes). Refractive, visual outcomes and corneal aberrations were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: At 6 months postoperatively, the postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/20 or better in 42 eyes (100%) in the PAE compared with 44 eyes (92%) in Custom-Q (P = .120). The postoperative UDVA of 20/16 or better was measured in 92% of eyes in the PAE group and 81% of eyes in the Custom Q group (P = .320). Postoperative corrected distance visual acuity, manifest refractive spherical equivalent and refractive astigmatism were similar between the two groups (P > .05). The postoperative optical path difference (OPD) and Strehl ratio (SR) were significantly better in the PAE group compared with the Custom Q group.
CONCLUSIONS: Topography-guided FS-LASIK with PAE algorithm or Custom Q demonstrated similar refractive efficacy and predictability. PAE for the patients with zero manifest astigmatism demonstrated better results in correcting corneal aberrations.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of optimized monovision correction using small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) in myopic patients with presbyopia and to assess the corneal epithelial remodeling following these procedures. Methods: A prospective study was conducted. Thirty-two patients (64 eyes) with myopia and presbyopia who underwent surgical correction at Chongqing Bai Ji Eye Clinic from August 2021 to April 2023 were continuously included. There were 9 males and 23 females, with an average age of (44.25±2.96) years. The dominant eyes (32 eyes) underwent SMILE, while the non-dominant eyes (32 eyes) underwent FS-LASIK with mild myopia and partial negative spherical aberration induction. Data on visual acuity and refraction were collected preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Total ocular aberrations were measured using the iProfiler Plus, and the corneal epithelial thickness in different regions was assessed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Safety and efficacy indices were calculated based on visual acuity, the defocus and contrast sensitivity were measured using the Binoptometer 4P binocular vision tester, and a patient satisfaction survey was performed. Results: At 1 week postoperatively, the uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of dominant eyes significantly improved compared to preoperative values. At 3 months postoperatively, the uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) of non-dominant eyes showed significant improvement (P<0.05), 96.9% (31 eyes) of the dominant eyes achieved UDVA of 1.0 or better, and 93.8% (30 eyes) of the non-dominant eyes achieved UNVA of 0.8 or better. The safety index for distance vision was 1.15±0.09, and the efficacy index was 1.15±0.11. At 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively, the proportion of dominant eyes with a spherical equivalent (SE) deviation within ±0.50 D of the target was 90.6% (29 eyes), 90.6% (29 eyes), 93.8% (30 eyes), and 96.2% (31 eyes), respectively; for non-dominant eyes, the corresponding proportions were 81.3% (26 eyes), 87.5% (28 eyes), 93.8% (30 eyes), and 96.2% (31 eyes). The postoperative spherical aberration was (0.11±0.03) μm for dominant eyes and (-0.01±0.04) μm for non-dominant eyes, showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). At 1 week and 1 month postoperatively, the central corneal epithelial thickness of non-dominant eyes was significantly higher than that of dominant eyes [(71.34±21.69) μm vs. (51.97±6.33) μm at 1 week, and (61.34±15.85) μm vs. (52.72±6.32) μm at 1 month; P<0.05]. Patient satisfaction was high, with 96.9% (31 patients) rating their satisfaction as \"satisfactory\" or higher. Conclusions: The combined use of SMILE and FS-LASIK for optimized monovision correction in myopic patients with presbyopia is both safe and effective, achieving high postoperative satisfaction. The SMILE procedure reduces the extent of corneal epithelial remodeling compared to FS-LASIK.
目的： 探讨双眼分别行飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术（SMILE）和飞秒激光制瓣的准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（FS-LASIK）的优化单眼视手术矫正伴近视眼伴老视患者的效果，以及双眼在接受不同手术方式后的角膜上皮重塑的情况。 方法： 前瞻性研究。连续纳入2021年8月至2023年4月于重庆白继眼科屈光手术中心因近视眼伴老视接受手术矫正的患者32例（64只眼），其中男性9例，女性23例，年龄（44.25±2.96）岁。将患者的主视眼（32只眼）行SMILE，非主视眼（32只眼）行FS-LASIK保留轻度近视并引入部分负球差。收集患者术前及术后1周及1、3、6个月的视力、屈光度数，采用iProfiler Plus屈光分析系统测量全眼像差，眼前节相干光层析成像术测量不同区域角膜上皮厚度，根据视力计算安全性指数和有效性指数，采用Binoptometer 4P双目视力仪测定离焦度数和对比敏感度，对患者进行手术满意度的问卷调查。 结果： 自术后1周起，主视眼裸眼远视力均优于术前；术后3个月起，非主视眼裸眼近视力均优于术前，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后3个月时，主视眼裸眼远视力在1.0及以上的比例为96.9%（31/32），非主视眼裸眼近视力在0.8及以上的比例为93.8%（30/32），双眼远视力安全性指数为1.15±0.09，有效性指数为1.15±0.11。术后1周及1、3、6个月，主视眼与目标屈光度偏移在±0.50 D之内的眼分别占90.6%（29/32）、90.6%（29/32）、93.8%（30/32）、96.2%（25/26）；非主视眼与目标屈光度偏移在±0.50 D之间分别占81.3（26/32）%、87.5%（28/32）、93.8%（30/32）、96.2%（25/26）。术后主视眼和非主视眼球差分别为（0.11±0.03）和（-0.01±0.04）μm，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后1周、1个月时，非主视眼中央区角膜上皮厚度（71.34±21.69）和（61.34±15.85）μm，显著高于主视眼的（51.97±6.33）和（52.72±6.32）μm，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。患者术后满意度等级在满意及以上占比为96.9%（31/32）。 结论： 双眼分别行SMILE和FS-LASIK的优化单眼视手术矫正近视眼伴老视患者有较好的手术安全性及有效性，并获得较高的术后满意度。SMILE可减轻角膜上皮重塑的程度。.

Objective: To evaluate clinical outcomes and visual quality after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) performed with the Q-value-guided optimized monocular vision protocol (Custom-Q) for correction of low-to-moderate myopia and compensation for age-related accommodation deficiency. Methods: A prospective study was performed based on patients with myopia and age-related accommodation deficiency, who underwent Custom-Q FS-LASIK in the Peking University Third Hospital from October 2022 to October 2023. Monocular and binocular distance, intermediate, and near visual acuities, simulated whole-course visual acuity (binocular defocus curve), objective and subjective refractions, anterior corneal Q factor, anterior corneal higher-order aberrations and a subjective questionnaire assessing near visual acuity and visual quality were evaluated at 3 months postoperatively. Visual acuity was recorded using the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. The data were analyzed using the t-test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: A total of 45 patients (90 eyes) who met the inclusion criteria and completed the 3-month follow-up were included in the study. The mean age of the 21 men (42 eyes) and 24 women (48 eyes) was (42.82±2.72) years. During the 3-month follow-up, all the patients achieved binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity not less than 0.00 and uncorrected near visual acuity not less than 0.20. Defocus curves revealed better results at 3 months postoperatively [0.00 (-0.08, 0.00), -0.08 (-0.08, 0.00)] at intermediate and near vergence (-1.50 to -1.00 D) compared to the preoperative values [0.00 (-0.08, 0.05), -0.08 (-0.08, 0.00)] (P<0.05). All the 45 patients maintained 0.10 or better vision at the defocus range from -2.50 to 0.00 D. The Q value in the dominant eyes was more positive postoperatively (0.01±0.26 vs.-0.15±0.14, P<0.05), while in the nondominant eyes, the Q value and corneal spherical aberration coefficient became more negative than those before surgery (-0.27±0.32 vs.-0.14±0.11, P<0.05; 0.08±0.05 vs. 0.12±0.03, P<0.05). The questionnaire demonstrated 42 (93.3%) patients were satisfied with near vision. The three most commonly reported visual discomforts after surgery were blurred vision, glare and halos. These symptoms were all mild to moderate in severity and did not interfere with daily life. Conclusion: For myopic patients with age-related accommodation deficiency, the Custom-Q algorithm proved to be a safe and effective way to achieve acceptable near vision and visual quality without compromising distance vision.
目的： 探讨角膜Q值调整的改良单眼视飞秒激光制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（Custom-Q FS-LASIK）矫正中、低度近视眼合并老视的疗效。 方法： 前瞻性研究。收集2022年10月至2023年10月在北京大学第三医院眼科屈光中心行Custom-Q FS-LASIK的中、低度近视眼合并老视患者。术后随访时间为3个月，观察主视眼和非主视眼单眼和双眼的远、中、近视力及模拟全程视力（双眼离焦曲线）、屈光状态、角膜前表面Q值、高阶像差等，并进行近视力主观评价及视觉质量问卷调查。以最小分辨角的对数记录视力，采用t检验和Wilcoxon检验进行统计学分析。 结果： 纳入符合标准且完成随访患者45例（90只眼），男性21例（42只眼），女性24例（48只眼）；年龄为（42.82±2.72）岁。术后3个月，所有患者的双眼裸眼远视力达到及好于0.00，双眼裸眼近视力达到及好于0.20。离焦曲线显示在离焦度数-1.50~-1.00 D范围，术后3个月双眼视力［0.00（-0.08，0.00），-0.08（-0.08，0.00）］优于术前［0.00（-0.08，0.05），-0.08（-0.08，0.00）］，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；在离焦度数-2.50~0.00 D范围，45例患者双眼视力均保持好于0.10。术后3个月主视眼角膜前表面Q值（0.01±0.26）较术前正向增加（-0.15±0.14），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；非主视眼角膜前表面Q值和球差（-0.27±0.32和0.08±0.05）较术前（-0.14±0.11和0.12±0.03）负向增加，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。42例患者（93.3%）对近视力满意，出现频率较高的3种主观视觉干扰症状为视物模糊、眩光、光晕，程度均为轻、中度，对日常生活无干扰。 结论： Custom-Q FS-LASIK矫正中、低度近视眼合并老视安全、有效，能同时获得良好的双眼远、近视力及视觉质量。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the variation and stability of the posterior cornea surface parameters (posterior cornea curvature [PCC], posterior cornea astigmatism [PCA], and posterior cornea elevation [PCE]) after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism over a period of 6 months or longer.
METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 284 right eyes. Patients aged 18 years or older with myopia up to -12.00 D and/or astigmatism up to -6.00 DC and who underwent femtosecond LASIK were recruited. Patients were divided into three subgroups: low myopia (-0.50 to -3.00 D), moderate myopia (>-3.00 to ≤-6.00 D), and high myopia (>-6.00 D), according to their pre-LASIK spherical equivalent (SE). The variables included for analysis were PCC (central 0-3.0 mm, pericentral 3.0-6.0 mm, and peripheral region 6.0-9.0 mm), PCE, PCA, internal anterior chamber depth, intraocular pressure, and central cornea thickness at the pre- and post-LASIK stages.
RESULTS: The central PCC remained unchanged across all three myopia subgroups at 1 month when compared to the pre-LASIK stage and remained stable at 6 months. The pericentral regions became flatter across all myopia subgroups at 1 month postsurgery (P < 0.001) and remained unchanged at 6 months. This trend was not seen in the peripheral cornea regions, which remained unchanged at 1 and 6 months post-LASIK when compared to pre-LASIK mean readings. There were minimal changes in post-LASIK posterior cornea astigmatism throughout follow-up. There was no incidence of post-LASIK surgery ectasia in this study population.
CONCLUSIONS: Post-LASIK, the different cornea subregions behaved differently. Overall, the posterior cornea surface remained stable post-LASIK across all myopia subgroups throughout follow-up.