In a patient with interstitial lung disease (ILD) of known or unknown etiology other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is defined by worsening lung fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), decline in lung function, and/or deterioration in symptoms. The INBUILD trial involved 663 patients with PPF who were randomized to receive nintedanib or placebo. The median exposure to trial medication was approximately 19 months. The INBUILD trial provided valuable learnings about the course of PPF and the efficacy and safety of nintedanib. The relative effect of nintedanib on reducing the rate of forced vital capacity decline was consistent across subgroups based on ILD diagnosis, HRCT pattern, and disease severity at baseline, and between patients who were and were not taking glucocorticoids or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and/or glucocorticoids at baseline. The adverse events most frequently associated with nintedanib were gastrointestinal, particularly diarrhea, but nintedanib was discontinued in only a minority of cases. The results of the INBUILD trial highlight the importance of prompt detection and treatment of PPF and the utility of nintedanib as a treatment option.
What did we find out from the INBUILD trial about progressive lung fibrosis?Lung fibrosis is a rare disease in which the lung tissue becomes scarred and hardened. This makes it more difficult for the lungs to inflate and for the lungs to exchange oxygen with the blood. In some patients, lung fibrosis gets worse over time. This is known as progressive lung fibrosis. In the INBUILD trial, researchers looked at the effects of a drug called nintedanib in patients with progressive lung fibrosis. In this trial, 663 patients were randomly allocated to receive either nintedanib or a placebo and then followed for approximately 19 months. The patients and the researchers did not know which patients were taking the active drug (nintedanib) and which patients were taking placebo. The results showed that the criteria used to find patients with progressive lung fibrosis to take part in the trial successfully identified patients whose disease would continue to worsen. These criteria were based on a decline in the volume (size) of the lungs, worsening symptoms such as shortness of breath, and worsening of changes seen on a scan of the chest. The trial results also showed that nintedanib slowed down loss of lung function and had a similar benefit in patients with different severities of disease at the start of the trial. The most common side-effects of nintedanib were gastrointestinal problems, particularly diarrhea, but most patients given nintedanib were able to cope with these side-effects without needing to stop treatment. Large trials like the INBUILD trial are important for helping us understand how diseases progress and in which patients particular drugs should be used.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an increasingly recognized complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Many risk factors for RA-related ILD were reported. The current study aims to explore the features and risk factors of Saudi patients with RA-ILD.
METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study of patients with RA-ILD. Clinical and radiological data from patients with RA-ILD were obtained from electronic medical records, including demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests, ECHO, and HRCT images.
RESULTS: Out of 732 patients, 57 had RA-ILD. The mean age at the time of ILD diagnosis was 61.9 (± 12.2) years. RA-ILD diagnosis was significantly less among females (p = 0.008). Patients who ever smoked had significantly more RA-ILD (p < 0.001). Patients with RA-ILD were more likely to present with medical comorbidities, namely diabetes (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), ischemic heart disease (p < 0.001), and osteoarthritis (p = 0.030). The multivariate analysis revealed that the age (OR: 1.035, 95% CI: 48.45-52.86, p = 0.0001); gender (OR: 2.581, CI: 1.77-1.86, p = 0.001), DM (OR: 2.498, 95% Cl: 1.65-1.76, P = 0.0001), HTN (OR: 1.975, 95% Cl: 1.61-1.74, P = 0.019), IHD (OR: 6.043, 95% Cl: 1.89-1.93, P = 0.0001) have a significant positive association with RA-ILD. No significant differences were observed between seropositive parameters with or without RA-ILD (p > 0.05). The most common symptoms of RA-ILD were cough (55.6%) and dyspnea (30.2%), and the most common ILD pattern was Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP) (55.6%) followed by Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (38.9%). Traction bronchiectasis (75.5%) and glass ground opacities (73.6%) were also observed. The mean FVC and DLCO at baseline were 64.6% and 53.3%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients, Saudi RA-ILD patients had a predominant NSIP pattern conversely to what is seen globally. These findings could be explained by the lower rates of smoking in our patient population. Future prospective national studies are needed to confirm the current findings and better evaluate RA-ILD epidemiology and risk factors.

Polychaetes are typically found in marine environments with limited species adapting to semi-terrestrial habitats. The genus Stygocapitella comprises interstitial polychaetes dwelling in sandy beach areas around or above the high-water line. Based on molecular data, previous studies suggested the presence of multiple cryptic species in some different localities in the world lumped together as Stygocapitella subterranea. In Japan, reports on Stygocapitella were scarce, with only one species having been documented 40 years ago at Ishikari Beach in Hokkaido by the name of S. subterranea. We revisited these earlier findings and uncovered the presence of two distinct species in Stygocapitella. One of these species is herein named Stygocapitella itoi sp. nov., while the other corresponds to S. budaevae, originally described from the Russian Far East. Stygocapitella itoi sp. nov. possesses a chaetal pattern similar to that of S. australis, S. furcata and S. pacifica but can be distinguished from the congeners by two characters: a slightly forked pygidium and forked chaetae consisting of two teeth and two outer prongs. Our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis showed close relationships across the Pacific Ocean in two separated lineages in the genus, suggesting ancient dispersal or allopatric speciation after vicariance events.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to investigate perioperative and subacute postoperative complications in patients undergoing LDR or HDR monotherapy for prostate cancer. We hypothesize a low rate of complications, and a favorable toxicity profile in patients treated with HDR compared to LDR.
METHODS: A prospectively collected institutional database was queried for patients treated with HDR or LDR prostate monotherapy between 1998 and 2021. Toxicities were determined per CTCAE. Claims based billing codes were obtained to identify additional events. Events occurring within 4 months of treatment were defined as perioperative or subacute postoperative complications.
RESULTS: 759 patients were identified, 446 received LDR with 125I, and 313 received HDR with 192Ir. HDR patients had higher risk features: 75.7% with Gleason score 7+ versus 2.4% of LDR, and 16% with initial PSA 10+ ng/mL versus 2.7% of LDR. Toxicities were mild with the most common being grade 1 GU frequency and nocturia at ∼50%. HDR patients had significantly less grade 2 dysuria (2.6% vs. 9.0%), frequency (4.8% vs. 9.4%), hematuria (1.0% vs. 5.2%), nocturia (3.8% vs. 9.4%), and urinary obstructive symptoms (7.3% vs. 11.2%), all statistically significant. 11 (1.4%) patients had infection requiring antibiotics: 8 (1.8%) from the LDR group and 3 (1%) from the HDR group. Cardiopulmonary events were low at <2% overall, without difference between HDR and LDR.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall toxicity rates support the safety of prostate brachytherapy. HDR monotherapy is associated with significantly less perioperative and subacute postoperative GU events when compared to LDR monotherapy. Cardiopulmonary events were equally rare in both groups.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist used as an immunosuppressant in a number of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low-dose MTX (MTX-LD) is associated with a risk of haematological, hepatic, gastrointestinal and pulmonary toxicity, which may up until now have limited its use.
BACKGROUND: In RA, data from retrospective cohorts have reported a possible excess risk of methotrexate toxicity in cases of underlying interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, recent prospective and retrospective multicentre studies have found no such increased risk, and have reassuringly concluded that MTX-LD can be prescribed in cases of RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD).
CONCLUSIONS: Current recommendations are not to delay the introduction of MTX in patients with RA at risk of developing ILD or in the presence of RA-ILD with mild to moderate respiratory impairment.

UNASSIGNED: To conduct a survey on the use of the term \"interstitial lung abnormalities\" in radiology reports in Brazil, propose an appropriate Portuguese-language translation for the term, and provide a brief review of the literature on the topic.
UNASSIGNED: A survey was sent via electronic message to various radiologists in Brazil, asking about their familiarity with the term, which translation of the term they use in Portuguese, and whether they use the criteria proposed by the Fleischner Society.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 163 responses were received, from all regions of Brazil. Although the vast majority (88%) of the respondents stated that they were familiar with the term \"interstitial lung abnormalities\", there was considerable variation regarding the equivalent term they used in Portuguese.
UNASSIGNED: We suggest that the term \"anormalidades pulmonares intersticiais\" be used in order to standardize radiology reports and disseminate knowledge of these findings in Brazil.
UNASSIGNED: Fazer um levantamento sobre o uso do termo interstitial lung abnormalities nos laudos radiológicos no Brasil, propor uma tradução para o termo e fazer uma breve revisão sobre o tema.
UNASSIGNED: Foi enviada uma pesquisa, por meio de mensagem eletrônica, para diversos radiologistas de todo o Brasil, questionando sobre a familiarização com o termo, qual tradução em português utilizam e se usam os critérios propostos pela diretriz da Sociedade Fleischner.
UNASSIGNED: Foram recebidas 163 respostas de todas as regiões do Brasil e a grande maioria dos radiologistas respondeu estar familiarizado com o termo interstitial lung abnormalities (88%), mas houve grande variação em relação ao termo utilizado como tradução para o português.
UNASSIGNED: Sugerimos a padronização do termo “anormalidades pulmonares intersticiais”, a fim de uniformizar os relatórios radiológicos e difundir esta entidade no País.

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is a rare but largely benign interstitial lung disease, most frequently associated with HIV and autoimmune conditions. It is infrequently found to be an idiopathic condition. Diagnosis is complex and can require numerous invasive tests as evidenced in the case presented. The diagnosis is made from a combination of clinical, radiological, and histological features but the unusual radiological and clinical features meant diagnosis in our case required surgical biopsy. There is minimal evidence around best treatment although largely involves targeting the underlying cause. There is a small risk of transformation to lymphoma and fibrosis. Immunosuppression with steroids is the most common therapeutic strategy however in our case the radiographic changes spontaneously resolved. We present a case of an immunocompetent male presenting with significant radiological and histopathological findings of LIP, without significant symptomatology, that spontaneously resolved without intervention suggesting a monitoring approach may be a valid management strategy.

暂无摘要。

Phosphorus- and arsenic-containing cobalt clusters are an interesting class of compounds that continue to provide new structures with captivating bonding patterns. Although the first members of this family were reported 45 years ago, the number of such species is still limited within the broad family of transition metal complexes bearing pnictogen atoms. Herein, we present the reaction of Co2(CO)8 as a cobalt source with a number of phosphorus- and arsenic-containing compounds under variable reaction conditions. These reactions result in various known and novel cobalt phosphorus and cobalt arsenic clusters in which different nuclearity ratios between P/As and Co exist. All those clusters were characterized by X-ray structural analysis and partly by IR, 31P{1H} NMR, EI-MS and elemental analysis. This comprehensive study is the first detailed study in this field that reveals the richness of compounds that could be obtained only by modifying the ratio of used reactants and the involved reaction conditions.

BACKGROUND: Despite the publication of several meta-analyses regarding the efficacy of certain therapies in helping individuals with interstitial cystitis (IC) / bladder pain syndrome (BPS), these have not provided a comprehensive review of therapeutic strategies. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of various therapies for IC/BPS and identify potential moderating factors using randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS: We queried the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases to identify prospective RCTs using inclusion criteria: 1) patients diagnosed with IC, 2) interventions included relevant treatments, 3) comparisons were a specified control or placebo, 4) outcomes were mean differences for individual symptoms and structured questionnaires. The pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) were performed to compare the treatments used in IC/BPS. Hedges\' g standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used for improvement in all outcomes using random-effects models. Efficacy outcomes included individual symptoms such as pain, frequency, urgency, and nocturia, as well as structured questionnaires measuring IC/BPS symptoms.
RESULTS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted which identified 70 RCTs with 3,651 patients. The analysis revealed that certain treatments, such as instillation and intravesical injection, showed statistically significant improvements in pain and urgency compared to control or placebo groups in traditional pairwise meta-analysis. However, no specific treatment demonstrated significant improvement in all outcomes measured in the NMA. The results of moderator analyses to explore influential variables indicated that increasing age was associated with increased nocturia, while longer follow-up periods were associated with decreased frequency.
CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide insights into the efficacy of various treatments for IC. Current research suggests that a combination of therapies may have a positive clinical outcome for patients with IC, despite the fact that treatment for this condition is not straightforward.
BACKGROUND: PROSPERO CRD42022384024.