目标:计划中的女同性恋-父母家庭中的成年后代对其供体(半)兄弟姐妹(DS)的感觉和关系如何?
结论:大多数后代发现了DS并保持良好的持续关系,并且所有后代(无论是否已鉴定出DS)都对他们对DS的知识和接触水平感到满意。
背景:预期的女同性恋-父母家庭的第一代供体授精后代现在已经30多岁了。与此同时,越来越多地使用DNA检测和遗传祖先网站,促进从普通精子供体中发现供体兄弟姐妹。很少有关于后代及其DS的研究包括性少数父母(SMP)家庭,并且只有稀疏的数据单独分析SMP家族的后代或将分析扩展到已建立的成年后代。
方法:这项队列研究包括75个成年后代,自女同性恋父母家庭受孕以来纵向跟随。定量分析是从36年研究的第七波中对后代的在线调查中进行的,家庭保留率达到90%。数据收集时间为2021年3月至2022年11月。
方法:参与者是30至33岁的供精后代,其女同性恋父母在受孕时参加了美国前瞻性纵向研究。知道DS的后代被问及他们发现的号码,会议的特征或动机,DS术语,关系质量和维护,以及DS接触对他人的影响。所有后代(有或没有已知的DS)都被问及了解他们是否有DS及其术语的重要性,对DS信息的满意度,以及对未来接触的感受。
结果:后代,53%(n=40)发现DS的数量不大,在45%的病例中通过DS或精子银行登记处,这些后代中的大多数都有接触。后代的会面动机得到了满足,将DS视为熟人,而不是兄弟姐妹或朋友,并通过会议保持良好的关系,社交媒体,和手机通讯。他们向大多数亲戚公开了DS会议,并产生了中立的影响。后代,无论是已知或未知的DS,对知道他们是否有DS的重要性持中立态度,对他们对DS的了解(或不知道)感到满意,并对他们目前的DS联系水平感到满意。这项研究是最大的,对预定女同性恋父母家庭及其后代进行的最长的纵向研究,由于其前瞻性,对已经对DS感到满意的后代进行过度抽样并没有偏见。
结论:样本来自美国,主要是白人,受过高等教育的人,不能代表女同性恋父母家庭的供体授精后代的多样性。
结论:虽然大约一半的后代发现了DS,另一半没有。不管知道DS,这些女同性恋父母的成年后代对他们的DS接触水平感到满意。关于在女同性恋-父母家庭中受孕的早期披露和身份形成可能会将这些研究参与者与一般人群中的供体授精后代和被收养者区分开来,他们可能更被迫寻找遗传亲属。寻求DS的研究参与者大多发现了其中的一小部分,与发现大量DS的研究报告相反。这可能是因为三分之一的研究后代自受孕以来就有家人认识的捐赠者,他们可能不太可能参与商业精子银行或互联网捐赠网站,配额难以执行或不存在。研究结果对任何考虑配子捐赠的人都有影响,配子捐赠者,捐赠者受孕的后代,和/或配子银行,以及为他们提供建议的医疗和公共政策专业人员。
背景:没有为此项目提供资金。作者没有竞争的利益。
背景:不适用。
How do adult offspring in planned lesbian-parent families feel about and relate to their donor (half) sibling(s) (DS)?
A majority of offspring had found DS and maintained good ongoing relationships, and all offspring (regardless of whether a DS had been identified) were satisfied with their knowledge of and contact level with the DS.
The first generation of donor insemination offspring of intended lesbian-parent families is now in their 30s. Coincident with this is an increased use of DNA testing and genetic ancestry websites, facilitating the discovery of donor siblings from a common sperm donor. Few studies of offspring and their DS include sexual minority parent (SMP) families, and only sparse data separately analyze the offspring of SMP families or extend the analyses to established adult offspring.
This cohort study included 75 adult offspring, longitudinally followed since conception in lesbian-parent families. Quantitative analyses were performed from online surveys of the offspring in the seventh wave of the 36-year study, with a 90% family retention rate. The data were collected from March 2021 to November 2022.
Participants were 30- to 33-year-old donor insemination offspring whose lesbian parents enrolled in a US prospective longitudinal study when these offspring were conceived. Offspring who knew of a DS were asked about their numbers found, characteristics or motivations for meeting, DS terminology, relationship quality and maintenance, and impact of the DS contact on others. All offspring (with or without known DS) were asked about the importance of knowing if they have DS and their terminology, satisfaction with information about DS, and feelings about future contact.
Of offspring, 53% (n = 40) had found DS in modest numbers, via a DS or sperm bank registry in 45% of cases, and most of these offspring had made contact. The offspring had their meeting motivations fulfilled, viewed the DS as acquaintances more often than siblings or friends, and maintained good relationships via meetings, social media, and cell phone communication. They disclosed their DS meetings to most relatives with neutral impact. The offspring, whether with known or unknown DS, felt neutral about the importance of knowing if they had DS, were satisfied with what they knew (or did not know) of the DS, and were satisfied with their current level of DS contact. This study is the largest, longest-running longitudinal study of intended lesbian-parent families and their offspring, and due to its prospective nature, is not biased by over-sampling offspring who were already satisfied with their DS.
The sample was from the USA, and mostly White, highly educated individuals, not representative of the diversity of donor insemination offspring of lesbian-parent families.
While about half of the offspring found out about DS, the other half did not. Regardless of knowing of a DS, these adult offspring of lesbian parents were satisfied with their level of DS contact. Early disclosure and identity formation about being donor-conceived in a lesbian-parent family may distinguish these study participants from donor insemination offspring and adoptees in the general population, who may be more compelled to seek genetic relatives. The study participants who sought DS mostly found a modest number of them, in contrast to reports in studies that have found large numbers of DS. This may be because one-third of study offspring had donors known to the families since conception, who may have been less likely to participate in commercial sperm banking or internet donation sites, where quotas are difficult to enforce or nonexistent. The study results have implications for anyone considering gamete donation, gamete donors, donor-conceived offspring, and/or gamete banks, as well as the medical and public policy professionals who advise them.
No funding was provided for this project. The authors have no competing interests.
N/A.