据世界卫生组织统计,媒介传播疾病占所有传染病的17%以上,每年造成70多万人死亡。载体是能够在人类之间传播传染性病原体的生物体,从动物到人类。这些载体中的许多是吸血昆虫,在血餐期间从被感染的宿主中摄取病原体,然后将其传输到新的主机中。疟疾,登革热,非洲锥虫病,黄热病,利什曼病,查加斯病,还有许多是昆虫传播的疾病的例子。饮食和病原体感染都会引发许多代谢途径的变化,包括脂质代谢,与其他昆虫相比。血液中主要含有蛋白质,脂质和碳水化合物含量很低。因此,食血昆虫试图有效地消化和吸收饮食脂质,并且还依赖于基于蛋白质和碳水化合物作为碳源的大量从头脂质生物合成。血粉触发必要的生理过程,如蜕皮,排泄,和卵子发生;因此,脂质代谢和脂质储存的利用应精细同步和调节,以便为这些事件提供必要的能源。此外,病原体已经进化出通过干扰生物合成从昆虫宿主中劫持必需脂质的机制,分解代谢,和脂质的运输,这对繁殖构成了挑战,生存,健身,和其他昆虫特征。在这一章中,我们试图收集和强调与嗜血饮食和病原体感染有关的昆虫媒介脂质代谢的当前知识和最新发现。
According to the World Health Organization vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. Vectors are organisms that are able to transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are hematophagous insects, which ingest the pathogen from an infected host during a blood meal, and later transmit it into a new host. Malaria, dengue, African trypanosomiasis, yellow fever, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and many others are examples of diseases transmitted by insects.Both the diet and the infection with pathogens trigger changes in many metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, compared to other insects. Blood contains mostly proteins and is very poor in lipids and carbohydrates. Thus, hematophagous insects attempt to efficiently digest and absorb diet lipids and also rely on a large de novo lipid biosynthesis based on utilization of proteins and carbohydrates as carbon source. Blood meal triggers essential physiological processes as molting, excretion, and oogenesis; therefore, lipid metabolism and utilization of lipid storage should be finely synchronized and regulated regarding that, in order to provide the necessary energy source for these events. Also, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to hijack essential lipids from the insect host by interfering in the biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport of lipids, which pose challenges to reproduction, survival, fitness, and other insect traits.In this chapter, we have tried to collect and highlight the current knowledge and recent discoveries on the metabolism of lipids in insect vectors of diseases related to the hematophagous diet and pathogen infection.