Plastic ingestion presents many potential avenues of risk for wildlife. Understanding which species and environments are most exposed to plastic pollution is a critical first step in investigating the One Health implications of plastic exposure. The objectives of this study were the following: 1) Utilize necropsy as part of ongoing passive disease surveillance to investigate ingested mesoplastics in birds collected in Ontario and Nunavut, and examine the relationships between bird-level factors and ingested debris; 2) evaluate microplastic ingestion compared to ingested mesodebris in raptors; and 3) identify potential sentinel species for plastic pollution monitoring in understudied freshwater and terrestrial (inland) environments. Between 2020 and 2022, 457 free-ranging birds across 52 species were received for postmortem examination. The upper gastrointestinal tracts were examined for mesoplastics and other debris (>2 mm) using standard techniques. Twenty-four individuals (5.3%) retained mesodebris and prevalence varied across species, with foraging technique, food type, and foraging substrate all associated with different metrics of debris ingestion. The odds of ingesting any type of anthropogenic mesodebris was nine times higher for non-raptorial species than for raptors. For a subset of raptors (N = 54) across 14 species, the terminal portion of the distal intestinal tract was digested with potassium hydroxide and microparticles were assessed using stereo-microscopy. Although only one of 54 (1.9%) raptors included in both analyses retained mesodebris in the upper gastrointestinal tract, 24 (44.4%) contained microparticles in the distal intestine. This study demonstrates that a variety of Canadian bird species ingest anthropogenic debris in inland systems, and suggests that life history and behaviour are associated with ingestion risk. For raptors, the mechanisms governing exposure and ingestion of mesoplastics appear to be different than those that govern microplastics. Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) are proposed as ideal sentinels for plastic pollution monitoring in inland systems.

The impacts of extreme temperatures on diabetes have been explored in previous studies. However, it is unknown whether the impacts of heatwaves appear variations between inland and coastal regions. This study aims to quantify the associations between heat exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) deaths in two cities with different climate features in Shandong Province, China. We used a case-crossover design by quasi-Poisson generalized additive regression with a distributed lag model with lag 2 weeks, controlling for relative humidity, the concentration of air pollution particles with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), and seasonality. The wet- bulb temperature (Tw) was used to measure the heat stress of the heatwaves. A significant association between heatwaves and T2DM deaths was only found in the coastal city (Qingdao) at the lag of 2 weeks at the lowest Tw = 14℃ (relative risk (RR) = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.02; women: RR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02-2.24; elderly: RR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.08-2.09). The lag-specific effects were significant associated with Tw at lag of 1 week at the lowest Tw = 14℃ (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26; women: RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.31; elderly: RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03-1.28). However, no significant association was found in Jian city. The research suggested that Tw was significantly associated with T2DM mortality in the coastal city during heatwaves on T2DM mortality. Future strategies should be implemented with considering socio-environmental contexts in regions.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mortality varies between coastal and inland areas in Shandong Province, China. However, evidence about the reasons for this disparity is limited. We assume that distinct environmental conditions may contribute to the disparities in diabetes mortality patterns between coastal and inland areas.
METHODS: Qingdao and Jinan were selected as typical coastal and inland cities in Shandong Province, respectively, with similar socioeconomic but different environmental characteristics. Data on diabetes deaths and environmental factors (i.e., temperature, relative humidity and air pollution particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5)) were collected from 2013 to 2020. Spatial kriging methods were used to estimate the aggregated diabetes mortality at the city level. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to quantify the possible cumulative and non-cumulative associations between environmental factors and diabetes mortality by age, sex and location.
RESULTS: In the coastal city (Qingdao), the maximum cumulative relative risks (RRs) of temperature and PM2.5 associated with diabetes deaths were 2.54 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.25-5.15), and 1.17 (95 % CI: 1.01-1.37) respectively, at lag 1 week. In the inland city (Jinan), only temperature exhibited significant cumulative associations with diabetes deaths (RR = 1.54, 95 % CI: 1.07-2.23 at 29 °C). Lower relative humidity (22 %-45 %) had a lag-specific association with diabetes deaths in inland areas at lag 3 weeks (RR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.70 at 22 %).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lower PM2.5 concentrations in the coastal location, diabetes mortality exhibited stronger links to environmental variables in the coastal city than in the inland city. These findings suggest that the control of air pollution could decrease the mortality burden of diabetes, even in the region with relatively good air quality. Additionally, the spatial estimation method is recommended to identify associations between environmental factors and diseases in studies with limited data.

To characterise ED presentations among youth in New South Wales (NSW) by geographic remoteness for 2019 and determine if intra-regional (inland vs coastal) variations exist.
A population-based, retrospective descriptive analysis of 2019 Emergency Department Data Collection registry data for state-wide emergency presentations to NSW public hospitals among NSW residents aged 10-24 years was undertaken. Local government areas of residence were classified as major city, coastal regional, inland regional or remote. Sex and age-adjusted ED presentation rates were modelled according to geographical classification, using negative binomial regression.
In 2019, 178 public ED facilities in NSW received 479 880 presentations from NSW residents aged 10-24 years. ED presentation rates in regional and remote areas were more than twice (incidence rate ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 2.08-2.39) and four times (incidence rate ratio 4.32, 95% confidence interval 3.84-4.87) that, respectively, of major cities. Compared to major cities, youth presenting to regional and remote facilities spent 36% and 60% less time in ED, respectively, with presentations less likely to be deemed critical, occur after-hours or result in hospital admission. Variation between inland and coastal regional indicators was minimal.
Patterns of ED utilisation between major city, regional and remote youth were distinctly different, but not so between coastal and inland regional youth. Further research could better understand ED utilisation among youth and the drivers of higher presentation rates in regional and remote areas.

BACKGROUND: Persistence of cholera outbreaks in developing countries calls for concern and more targeted intervention measures for long-term control. This research undertook spatial analysis of cholera incidence in Nigeria over a seventeen-year period to determine the existence of regional hotspots and predictors.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used for the research. Cholera data for each of the thirty-six states and the federal capital territory (FCT) were obtained from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) of the Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. Socioeconomic data including proportion of households using solid waste disposal (unapproved dumpsite, refuse burying, refuse burning, public dumpsite, and refuse collectors), water sources (pipe borne water, well, borehole, rain water, surface waters and water vendors), sewage disposal (water closet, pit latrines, bucket/pan, public toilet and nearby bush/stream), living in a single room and earning less than minimum wage (18,000 naira) were obtained from National Population Commission. On the other hand, proportion of illiterate adults (15 years and above) and poor people; and population density were obtained from National Bureau of Statistics. Each socioeconomic data was obtained at state level. Cholera patterns were analysed at state level using Global Moran\'s I while specific locations of cholera clusters were determined using Local Moran\'s I. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine socioeconomic predictors of cholera incidence.
RESULTS: Local Moran\'s I revealed significant cluster patterns in 1999, 2001, 2002, 2009 and 2010 in Adamawa, Gombe, Katsina, Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, and Kano states. Households using surface water was the significant predictor (23%) of the observed spatial variations in cholera incidence.
CONCLUSIONS: Persistence of cholera outbreaks in some north east and north western states calls for more targeted, long-term and effective intervention measures especially on provision of safe sources of water supply by government and other stakeholders.

Tropical forests influence freshwater fish through multiple pathways, only some of which are well documented. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess the current state of knowledge on forests and freshwater fish in the tropics. The existing evidence is mostly concentrated in the neotropics. The majority of studies provided evidence that fish diversity was higher where there was more forest cover; this was related to the greater heterogeneity of resources in forested environments that could support a wider range of species. Studies quantifying fish abundance (or biomass) showed mixed relationships with forest cover, depending on species-specific habitat preferences. We identify the key challenges limiting our current understanding of the forest-fish nexus and provide recommendations for future research to address these knowledge gaps. A clear understanding of the functional pathways in forest-freshwater ecosystems can improve evidence-based policy development concerned with deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and food insecurity in the tropics.

The Bohai Sea is one of four major sea areas adjacent to China, air pollution is becoming an issue along the Bohai coast owing to rapid industrialization and urbanization. To analyze the sea-land interaction and its influence on regional particulate pollution, a comparison of sea and land aerosol physicochemical properties was carried out using observations and numerical simulation. Three observation sites, an ocean site on the Bohai Sea, a coastal station in the Tanggu district, and an inland station in Tianjin City were established. The movements and interactions of pollutants between land and sea were determined, and it was found that the convergence of sea-land breezes produced an ascending motion, which served to concentrate pollutants, with the polluted central body of air extending upward to a height of 200 m. The proportion of fine particle aerosols was greater in Bohai than at the inland site, although aerosol pollution levels over land were higher than those over ocean. The annual average aerosol optical depths, at the Bohai and inland sites were 0.74 and 0.82, and the annual average wavelength indices were 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration was characterized as inland > Bohai > coastal zone, which reflected local emissions, the special terrain and meteorological conditions of the coastal zone. Higher concentrations of EC, SO42-, Mg, Al, V, and Cr at Bohai, compared to the other sites, might have been due to ship emissions on the Bohai Sea, while industrial development could explain why the maximum concentrations of Fe and NO3- were observed at the coastal site. In addition, the diurnal distribution of SO42- exhibited a trend opposite to that for humidity, both at the Bohai and coastal sites, which indicated that, in addition to secondary transformation under high humidity conditions, sulfate emission sources were located locally.