家庭燃烧固体生物质燃料排放的污染颗粒是一个巨大的健康风险因素,特别是在低收入国家(LIC),如撒哈拉以南非洲。在流行病学研究中,室内暴露通常比室外暴露更具挑战性。固体生物质燃料的实验室研究,在现实生活条件下进行,是改善暴露评估的重要途径。使用在线和离线测量技术,来自最常用的固体生物质燃料(木炭,木头,粪便,和农作物残留物)在实验室环境中使用燃烧燃料的方式和代表低收入国家现实环境的空气交换率进行表征。所有燃料产生的排放导致浓度远远超过了世卫组织健康空气年度和24小时平均指南。具有较低能量密度的燃料,如粪便,发射的数量级超过,例如,木炭。绝大多数发射的粒子小于300nm,表明肺泡中的高沉积。室内污染的化学成分随着时间的推移而变化,有机颗粒排放经常在炉子运行的早期达到峰值。对于不同的生物质燃料,排放的PM的化学成分不同,这在毒理学研究和来源分配方面都很重要。例如,粪便和木材产生更高的有机气溶胶排放,对于粪便,有机PM馏分中的氮含量高于其他燃料。我们表明,气溶胶质谱法可用于区分与火炉相关的排放和燃料,促进剂,还有香。我们认为,进一步的排放研究,瞄准,例如,与LIC和垃圾燃烧相关的车辆,加上化学成分的现场观察,将促进我们对LIC空气污染的理解。我们认为这是改善空气质量政策的必要步骤。
Household burning of solid biomass fuels emits pollution particles that are a huge health risk factor, especially in low-income countries (LICs) such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa. In epidemiological studies, indoor exposure is often more challenging to assess than outdoor exposure. Laboratory studies of solid biomass fuels, performed under real-life conditions, are an important path toward improved exposure assessments. Using on- and offline measurement techniques, particulate matter (PM) from the most commonly used solid biomass fuels (charcoal, wood, dung, and crops residue) was characterized in laboratory settings using a way of burning the fuels and an air exchange rate that is representative of real-world settings in low-income countries. All the fuels generated emissions that resulted in concentrations which by far exceed both the annual and the 24-hour-average WHO guidelines for healthy air. Fuels with lower energy density, such as dung, emitted orders of magnitude more than, for example, charcoal. The vast majority of the emitted particles were smaller than 300 nm, indicating high deposition in the alveoli tract. The chemical composition of the indoor pollution changes over time, with organic particle emissions often peaking early in the stove operation. The chemical composition of the emitted PM is different for different biomass fuels, which is important to consider both in toxicological studies and in source apportionment efforts. For example, dung and wood yield higher organic aerosol emissions, and for dung, nitrogen content in the organic PM fraction is higher than for the other fuels. We show that aerosol mass spectrometry can be used to differentiate stove-related emissions from fuel, accelerant, and incense. We argue that further emission studies, targeting, for example, vehicles relevant for LICs and trash burning, coupled with field observations of chemical composition, would advance our understanding of air pollution in LIC. We believe this to be a necessary step for improved air quality policy.