静脉吸毒者(IDU)是HIV-1,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的高危人群,和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染,这是注射毒品者死亡的主要原因。然而,IDUs的血浆病毒及其受上述病毒感染的影响尚不清楚.利用病毒宏基因组学,我们确定了注射吸毒者的血浆病毒及其与HIV-1,HCV,和/或HBV感染。与健康个体相比,注射吸毒者,特别是那些有严重病毒感染的人,病毒的丰度和多样性更高。粘膜病毒科主导血浆病毒。多种头病毒的共同感染很常见,和来自同一属的anellovirus倾向于共存。在这项研究中,4,487个anellovirusORF1序列被鉴定,包括1,620(36.1%),与任何已知序列的同一性小于69%,是目前的三倍.与健康对照(HC)相比,在neg-IDUs中观察到更多的anellovirus序列,和HIV-1,HCV,和/或HBV感染进一步扩大了IDUs的序列号,其特征是出现了新的不同分类单元和常驻anellovirus的繁殖。Pegivirus主要在受感染的注射毒品使用者中被发现。通过系统发育分析确定了五个主要的pegivirus传播簇(TC),建议一个传输链接。在同一TC内的IDU中观察到相似的anellovirus谱,提示Anellome在注射毒品使用者中传播。我们的数据表明,注射吸毒者遭受更高的血浆病毒负荷,尤其是anellovirus,与HIV-1,HCV,和/或HBV感染。大量繁殖和前所未有的anellovirus多样性突出了该病毒在血液循环中的活跃进化和复制,以及它可能与主机互动的特征不明的角色。重要性病毒与免疫状态相关,并通过致病性和常驻病毒决定或影响疾病进展。IDU中的病毒负担增加,特别是那些患有主要病毒感染的人,表明这些人群的免疫状态欠佳,感染风险高。大量繁殖和空前多样性的anellovirus突出了其在血液循环中的活跃进化和复制,以及对其他病毒感染的敏感反应。此外,传播聚类分析揭示了病毒在注射毒品使用者之间的传播联系,具有传输链接的个人共享类似的Anellome配置文件。对高危人群血浆病毒的深入监测不仅需要对新兴病毒和主要和被忽视的血源性病毒的传播网络进行监测,但对于更好地了解共生病毒及其作用也很重要,它可能与免疫系统有关。
Intravenous drug users (
IDUs) are a high-risk group for HIV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, which are the leading causes of death in
IDUs. However, the plasma virome of
IDUs and how it is influenced by above viral infections remain unclear. Using viral metagenomics, we determined the plasma virome of IDUs and its association with HIV-1, HCV, and/or HBV infections. Compared with healthy individuals, IDUs especially those with major viral infections had higher viral abundance and diversity. Anelloviridae dominated plasma virome. Coinfections of multiple anelloviruses were common, and anelloviruses from the same genus tended to coexist together. In this study, 4,487 anellovirus ORF1 sequences were identified, including 1,620 (36.1%) with less than 69% identity to any known sequences, which tripled the current number. Compared with healthy controls (HC), more anellovirus sequences were observed in neg-IDUs, and HIV-1, HCV, and/or HBV infections further expanded the sequence number in IDUs, which was characterized by the emergence of novel divergent taxons and blooms of resident anelloviruses. Pegivirus was mainly identified in infected
IDUs. Five main pegivirus transmission clusters (TCs) were identified by phylogenetic analysis, suggesting a transmission link. Similar anellovirus profiles were observed in IDUs within the same TC, suggesting transmission of anellome among
IDUs. Our data suggested that IDUs suffered higher plasma viral burden especially anelloviruses, which was associated with HIV-1, HCV, and/or HBV infections. Blooms in abundance and unprecedented diversity of anellovirus highlighted active evolution and replication of this virus in blood circulation, and an uncharacterized role it may engage with the host. IMPORTANCE Virome is associated with immune status and determines or influences disease progression through both pathogenic and resident viruses. Increased viral burden in IDUs especially those with major viral infections indicated the suboptimal immune status and high infection risks of these population. Blooms in abundance and unprecedented diversity of anellovirus highlighted its active evolution and replication in the blood circulation, and sensitive response to other viral infections. In addition, transmission cluster analysis revealed the transmission link of pegivirus among IDUs, and the individuals with transmission links shared similar anellome profiles. In-depth monitoring of the plasma virome in high-risk populations is not only needed for surveillance for emerging viruses and transmission networks of major and neglected bloodborne viruses, but also important for a better understanding of commensal viruses and their role it may engage with immune system.