氯氟烃(CFCs)在1930年代被引入,作为当时使用的有毒和易燃制冷剂的安全替代品。随后,还开发了氢氯氟烃(HCFC)。除制冷剂应用外,它们被用作泡沫发泡剂,作为溶剂和许多气溶胶的推进剂。在1970年代和1980年代,他们对环境的影响引起了人们的关注,特别是平流层臭氧消耗。业界开始考虑可接受的替代品。1987年,世界上许多政府齐聚一堂,起草了《蒙特利尔议定书》,呼吁工业界首先淘汰氟氯化碳和后来的氟氯烃的生产。在《蒙特利尔议定书》签署后4个月内,15个全球主要生产商共同组成了替代氟碳化合物环境可接受性研究(AFEAS),赞助了对环境影响的研究和替代氟碳化合物毒性测试计划,PAFT),研究了氟氯化碳和氟氯烃潜在替代品的毒理学。公司确定了9个替代品,通过这种国际合作;设计了毒理学计划,进行了,并在没有重复努力和测试的情况下进行了评估;因此,这些新产品在不到10年的时间内推出。实际上,《蒙特利尔议定书》已被公认为是逐步减少氢氟碳化合物的最合适的国际条约。2016年,《蒙特利尔议定书》基加利修正案规定了氢氟碳化合物消费和生产的逐步减少时间表。为了减少高GWPHFCs的消耗和排放。最近,较低GWP的HFC和极低GWP的HFO(氢氟烯烃和HCFO(氢氯氟烯烃)已被引入到一系列应用中。一些原始氟氯化碳和氟氯烃的毒理学概况摘要,描述了替换和新的PAFT后替换。本审查中的化学品包括CFC-11、CFC-12、CFC-113、CFC-114、HCFC22、HCFC-123、HCFC-124、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b,HCF-32,HFC-125,HFC-134a,HFC-143a,HFC-152a,HFC-245ea,HFC-245fa,HFO-1234yf,HFO-1234ze,和HCFO-1233zd。
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as the safe replacements for the toxic and flammable refrigerants being used at that time. Subsequently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were also developed. In addition to refrigerant applications, they were used as foam blowing agents, as solvents and as propellants for many aerosols. In the 1970s and 1980s, concern developed about their environmental impact, specifically on stratospheric ozone depletion. Industry began to consider acceptable replacements. In 1987, many of the governments of the world came together and drafted the Montreal Protocol, calling upon Industry to initially phase out production of the CFCs and later HCFCs. Within 4 months of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, the 15 global major producers joined together to form the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which sponsored research into environmental effects and the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbons toxicity Testing, PAFT), which examined the toxicology of potential replacements for the CFCs and HCFCs. Nine replacements were identified by companies and, through this international cooperation; toxicology programs were designed, conducted, and evaluated without duplication of effort and testing; consequently these new products were introduced within less than 10 years. Indeed the Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most appropriate international treaty to phase-down HFCs. In 2016 the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set out a phase-down schedule for the consumption and production of HFCs. In order to reduce the consumption and emissions of high GWP HFCs. Recently lower GWP HFCs and very low GWP HFOs (
hydrofluoroolefins and HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) have been introduced into a range of applications. Summaries of the toxicology profiles of some of the original CFCs and HCFCs, the replacements and the new post-PAFT replacements are described. The chemicals in this review include CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, HCFC 22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCF-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-245ea, HFC-245fa, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, and HCFO-1233zd.