This paper discusses the design and development of a low-cost virtual reality (VR) based flight simulator with cognitive load estimation feature using ocular and EEG signals. Focus is on exploring methods to evaluate pilot\'s interactions with aircraft by means of quantifying pilot\'s perceived cognitive load under different task scenarios. Realistic target tracking and context of the battlefield is designed in VR. Head mounted eye gaze tracker and EEG headset are used for acquiring pupil diameter, gaze fixation, gaze direction and EEG theta, alpha, and beta band power data in real time. We developed an AI agent model in VR and created scenarios of interactions with the piloted aircraft. To estimate the pilot\'s cognitive load, we used low-frequency pupil diameter variations, fixation rate, gaze distribution pattern, EEG signal-based task load index and EEG task engagement index. We compared the physiological measures of workload with the standard user\'s inceptor control-based workload metrics. Results of the piloted simulation study indicate that the metrics discussed in the paper have strong association with pilot\'s perceived task difficulty.

The metro is susceptible to disruption risks and requires a system response capability to build resilience to manage disruptions. Achieving such resilient response state requires readiness in both the technology side, e.g., utilizing digital technologies (DTs) to monitor system components, and the human factors side, e.g., fostering positive human coping capabilities; however, these two sides are usually considered independently, without sufficient integration. This paper aims to develop and empirically test a model in which monitoring-enabled DTs, employees\' reactions, and their positive capabilities are simultaneously considered in terms of their interplay and impact on system response capability. The results showed that while DTs for monitoring physical components enhanced perceived management commitment and fostered collective efficacy, DTs for monitoring human components increased psychological strain and inhibited improvisation capability, creating a \"double-edged sword\" effect on system response capability. Additionally, explicit management commitment buffered the adverse effect of DTs-induced psychological strain on individual improvisation.

The shared control authority between drivers and the steering system may lead to human-machine conflicts, threatening both traffic safety and driving experience of collaborative driving systems. Previous evaluation methods relied on subjective judgment and had a singular set of evaluation criteria, making it challenging to obtain a comprehensive and objective assessment. Therefore, we propose a two-phase novel method that integrates eye-tracking data, electromyography signals and vehicle dynamic features to evaluate human-machine conflicts. Firstly, through driving simulation experiments, the correlations between subjective driving experience and objective indices are analyzed. Strongly correlated indices are screened as the effective criteria. In the second phase, the indices are integrated through sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) to formulate a comprehensive objective measure. Subjective driving experience collected from post-drive questionnaires was applied to examine its effectiveness. The results show that the error between the two sets of data is less than 7%, proving the effectives of the proposed method. This study provides a low-cost, high-efficiency method for evaluating human-machine conflicts, which contributes to the development of safer and more harmonious human-machine collaborative driving.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139373.].

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Value-based healthcare (VBHC) has been defined as the measured improvement in a person\'s health outcomes and clinical experience against the financial costs.(1) The concept attempts to focus on the issue of reconciling the rising cost of healthcare with improving the outcomes for people who receive care by asking how we can obtain \"value\" defined as better outcomes at lower cost. More recently the impact of climate change has been added to the equation, defining the \"sustainable value\" of a service as being measured by the best health outcomes against its economic costs, including environmental and social cost.(2).

UNASSIGNED: The administration of repository corticotropin injection (Acthar Gel) via a single-dose prefilled injector (SelfJect) is intended to provide a simple, ergonomic alternative to traditional injection. Iterative human factors (HF) studies were conducted to identify potential use deviations and ensure appropriate device use.
UNASSIGNED: This article presents seven formative studies, a validation study (with prior pilot validation studies), and a supplemental validation study with participants including lay users, patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. Participant interactions with SelfJect and the user interface were assessed. Use deviations, user preferences, and participants\' ability to successfully complete tasks were evaluated to generate modifications to the device and user interface.
UNASSIGNED: In the validation study, 91% of participants successfully administered their first injection. Use errors were rare with simulated-use (6.9%) and knowledge-based (1.6%) testing. Use deviations were commonly attributed to experimental artifact or information oversight, and device warming had the most use errors (49% of participants), even with extensive testing and adjustments to the user interface.
UNASSIGNED: SelfJect was able to be used in a safe and effective manner by the intended users. Iterative HF studies informed the mitigation of use-related risks to reduce the occurrence of use deviations during simulated use.

BACKGROUND: Eye-tracking technology could be used to study human factors during teamwork.
OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to compare the visual attention (VA) of a team member acting as both a team leader and managing the airway, compared to a team member performing the focused task of managing the airway in the presence of a dedicated team leader. This work also aimed to report differences in team performance, behavioural skills, and workload between the two groups using validated tools.
METHODS: We conducted a simulation-based, pilot randomised controlled study. The participants included were volunteer paediatric trainees, nurse practitioners, and neonatal nurses. Three teams consisting of four team members were formed. Each team participated in two identical neonatal resuscitation simulation scenarios in a random order, once with and once without a team leader. Using a commercially available eye-tracking device, we analysed VA regarding attention to (1) a manikin, (2) a colleague, and (3) a monitor. Only the trainee who was the airway operator would wear eye-tracking glasses in both simulations.
RESULTS: In total, 6 simulation scenarios and 24 individual role allocations were analysed. Participants in a no-team-leader capacity had a greater number of total fixations on manikin and monitors, though this was not significant. There were no significant differences in team performance, behavioural skills, and individual workload. Physical demand was reported as significantly higher by participants in the group without a team leader. During debriefing, all the teams expressed their preference for having a dedicated team leader.
CONCLUSIONS: In our pilot study using low-cost technology, we could not demonstrate the difference in VA with the presence of a team leader.

Reducing risky behaviors and traffic violations is crucial for preventing road trauma among private and commercial motorcyclists. While legal interventions such as road rules and police enforcement have been somewhat effective, there is a gap in understanding how motorcyclists perceive these deterrents and the psycho-social factors influencing their effectiveness. This research aims to explore the interplay between motorcyclists\' psycho-social predispositions and their responses to legal interventions. It also compares two distinct groups of riders - private and commercial motorcyclists - within the urban environment of Da Nang, Vietnam, providing a nuanced consideration of the influence of work-related impacts on risky behavior, which can enable targeted interventions. We propose a theoretical model integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Deterrence Theory to analyze how psycho-social and punitive factors influence riders\' traffic violations. A total of 423 delivery riders and 411 private riders in Da Nang participated in the study. The results show that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and perceptions of deterrence significantly impact riders\' intentions to engage in risky behaviors, with delivery riders being particularly responsive to law enforcement and penalties. To enhance policy effectiveness, interventions should employ tailored enforcement strategies that account for the unique motivations and perceptions of each rider group. For example, increasing the visibility and consistency of law enforcement could be particularly impactful for delivery riders, who are more sensitive to immediate deterrents. Policy adjustments should also focus on reshaping riders\' attitudes toward safety and adjusting their perceived control over riding situations. By tailoring interventions to effectively influence each group\'s behavior, we can ultimately reduce traffic incidents.

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