BACKGROUND: Although several studies report on the suppressing effects of estrogen therapy on facial and body hair in transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals, few studies have elucidated its effects on hairline stability on the scalp. In this study, we assessed the influence of estrogen therapy on forehead length.
METHODS: All TGNB patients, aged 30 years or older, assigned male at birth (AMAB) seeking facial feminization surgery were included in the study. Central and forehead lengths were collected at the initial consultation visits. Variables, including age, duration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), presence of spironolactone, and presence of other hair treatments, such as finasteride, dutasteride, or minoxidil, that potentially influence hair growth were collected by chart review. Multivariable linear regressions were constructed with relevant predictor variables while also incorporating global health scores as a proxy for psychological effects on hair loss.
RESULTS: Overall, 171 patients were included in this study, with a median age of 36.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 32.0-46.0) years and median HRT duration of 2.0 (IQR 1.0-6.0) years. Multivariable linear regressions revealed no significant predictors for central forehead length. However, lateral forehead length was positively predicted by age (B=0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.03-0.08], p < 0.001) and hair treatment (B=0.66, 95% CI [0.14-1.18], p = 0.01), but negatively predicted by HRT duration (B=-0.07, 95% CI [-0.10 to -0.04], p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Although older age is a predictor of lateral hairline recession in TGNB AMAB individuals, lateral forehead length was also predicted to decrease by 0.07 cm with each year of feminizing hormone therapy in patients over 30 years of age.

UNASSIGNED: Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax that is linked to endometriosis; thus, it predominantly manifests in women of reproductive age. Considerable research has explored the potential benefits of postoperative hormone therapy following various surgical interventions. This study was performed to examine the clinical implications of postoperative hormone treatment in patients with CP.
UNASSIGNED: The study included patients who underwent surgical intervention for CP between November 2009 and February 2023. These procedures included wedge resection, diaphragm resection, and total pleural coverage. Recurrence-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test to assess the impact of hormone therapy. Additionally, Cox proportional hazards analysis was employed to identify risk factors associated with postoperative CP recurrence.
UNASSIGNED: The study included 41 patients, with a median age of 38.4 years. Among them, 27 individuals received hormone therapy, 8 of whom experienced recurrence during a median follow-up period of 1 year. Patients who received hormone therapy exhibited a lower rate of recurrence than those who did not; however, the difference was not statistically significant, likely due to the small sample size. Side effects of hormone therapy included depression (6.8%), excessive sweating (3.4%), and headache (3.4%). In the analysis of risk factors for postoperative recurrence, diaphragm resection emerged as a protective factor (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.77; p=0.022).
UNASSIGNED: Hormone treatment combined with surgery did not significantly impact recurrence in patients with CP. The application of diaphragm resection was the sole factor that displayed significance in preventing CP recurrence.

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UNASSIGNED: Studies have reported associations between prostate cancer, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease in the context of treatment with hormone therapy (HT). This study aimed to assess the role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) in preventing adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetics with prostate cancer.
UNASSIGNED: Patients ≥ 18 years of age with T2DM and prostate cancer who received HT between August 1, 2013, and August 31, 2021, were identified using the TriNetX research network. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on treatment with SGLT2i or alternative antidiabetic therapies. The primary outcome was the composite of all-cause mortality, new onset heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (MI), and peripheral artery disease over two years from HT initiation.
UNASSIGNED: After propensity score matching, 2,155 patients remained in each cohort. The primary composite outcome occurred in 218 patients (16.1%) in the SGLT2i cohort versus 355 patients (26.3%) in the non-SGLT2i cohort (HR 0.689, 95% CI 0.582-0.816; p < 0.001). Furthermore, SGLT2i were associated with significantly lower odds of HF, HF exacerbation, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation/flutter, cardiac arrest, need for renal replacement therapy, overall emergency room visits/hospitalizations and all-cause mortality.
UNASSIGNED: Use of SGLT2i for the treatment of T2DM among patients with prostate cancer on HT is associated with favorable cardiovascular, renal and all-cause mortality outcomes. This observation supports the hypothesis that a therapeutically relevant link exists between HT and cardiovascular disease in the context of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: More women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) are living with oncology treatment-induced hot flushes (HFs). This Australian-based survey explores why some women experience more severe or ongoing HF and whether specific population characteristics are predictive of HF occurrence, frequency, and/or severity.
METHODS: A non-probabilistic anonymous survey distributed online (Register4) and two Australian hospitals collected demographic and clinical information. Eligibility was consenting Australian-based women, 18 years and over, with a primary BC diagnosis. Analysis included linear and logistic regression models.
RESULTS: A total of 324 survey responses were analyzed. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy were each associated with HF occurrence (aOR = 2.92, 95% CI [1.27, 6.70], p = 0.01; and aOR = 7.50, 95% CI [3.02, 18.62], p < 0.001) and in combination (aOR = 5.98, 95% CI [2.61, 13.69], p < 0.001). Increased self-reported anxiety at BC diagnosis was significantly associated with HF frequency and severity scores (aCO = 0.71, 95% CI [0.31, 1.12], p = 0.001; and aCO = 0.44, 95% CI [0.33, 0.55], p < 0.001). Postmenopausal women had significantly lower HF severity and frequency scores than premenopausal women (aCO = -0.93, 95% CI [-1.62, -0.25], p = 0.008; and aCO = -2.62, 95% CI [-5.14, -0.11], p = 0.041).
CONCLUSIONS: Women with BC receiving chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy and premenopausal or experiencing elevated anxiety and/or stress will likely experience more severe oncology treatment-related HFs.
CONCLUSIONS: HFs continue across the BC treatment trajectory with women >5-year survivorship still reporting life impacts, with premenopausal women at the time of BC diagnosis at higher risk of experiencing severe and more frequent oncology treatment-induced HFs than postmenopausal women. Women at high risk require information on methods to moderate HF potential life impacts and maintain treatment compliance.

Diabetes constitutes a significant global public health challenge that is rapidly reaching epidemic proportions. Among the non-communicable diseases, the incidence of diabetes is rising at an alarming rate. The International Diabetes Federation has documented a 9.09% prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged between 20 and 79 years. The interplay of gonadal hormones and gender differences is critical in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, and this dynamic is particularly crucial because of the escalating incidence of diabetes. Variations in insulin sensitivity are observed across genders, levels of adiposity, and age groups. Both estrogen and testosterone are seen to influence glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This chapter surveys the present knowledge of sex differences, sex hormones, and chromosomes on insulin imbalance and diabetes development. It further highlights the influence of metabolic traits in diabetes and changes in sex hormones during diabetic pregnancy. Notably, even stressful lifestyles have been acknowledged to induce hormonal imbalances. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of hormonal therapy to help stabilize sex hormones in diabetic individuals and focuses on the most recent research investigating the correlation between sex hormones and diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The monarchE and NATALEE trials demonstrated the benefit of CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) therapy in adjuvant breast cancer (BC) treatment. Patient selection, based on clinical characteristics, delineated those at high (monarchE) and high/intermediate recurrence risk (NATALEE). This study employed a historical patient cohort to describe the proportion and prognosis of patients eligible for adjuvant CDK4/6i trials.
METHODS: Between 2009 and 2011, 3529 patients were enrolled in the adjuvant PreFace clinical trial (NCT01908556). Eligibility criteria included postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive (HRpos) BC for whom a five-year upfront therapy with letrozole was indicated. Patients were categorized into prognostic groups according to monarchE and NATALEE inclusion criteria, and their invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed.
RESULTS: Among 2891 HRpos patients, 384 (13.3 %) met the primary monarchE inclusion criteria. The majority (n = 261) qualified due to having ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes. For NATALEE, 915 out of 2886 patients (31.7 %) met the eligibility criteria, with 126 patients (13.7 %) being node-negative. Patients from monarchE with ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes and NATALEE with stage III BC exhibited the poorest prognosis (3-year iDFS rate 0.87). Patients ineligible for the trials demonstrated prognoses similar to the most favorable patient groups within the eligibility criteria.
CONCLUSIONS: Patient populations eligible for monarchE and NATALEE trials differed. Nearly a third of the postmenopausal HRpos population, previously under upfront letrozole treatment, met the NATALEE prognostic eligibility criteria. As certain eligible groups had a prognosis similar to non-eligible patients, it might be interesting to explore additional patient groups for CDK4/6i therapy.

UNASSIGNED: Targeted research on physiological and psychological changes during menopause is crucial. Most studies have prioritized the investigation of psychological disorders during menopause, with a limited comparison of mental health among women in the various stages surrounding menopause. This study aims to explore the difference in depression and anxiety prevalence between women in premenopausal and menopause.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 242 female participants referred to Imam Hossein (AS) Educational and Therapeutic Hospital affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. These 242 individuals were selected through accessible sampling. 122 individuals were placed in the menopausal group and 120 individuals in the premenopausal group. First, the medical history of all participants was taken, and then the Beck questionnaire was administered to examine the levels of depression and anxiety. The association between the occurrence and severity of depression and anxiety in menopausal and premenopausal groups was statistically analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, the age range of the participants was 45-70, the overall prevalence of depression was estimated to be 33.5% and the overall prevalence of anxiety was estimated to be 54.2%. The prevalence of depression was 30.2% and 36.6% in the menopausal and premenopausal groups, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety was estimated to be 52.5% and 55.7% in the menopausal and premenopausal groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the occurrence and severity of depression and anxiety.
UNASSIGNED: our study found a higher incidence of depression during premenopause compared to menopause, possibly due to greater hormonal fluctuations. Despite this, there wasn\'t a significant confirmation of this hypothesis compared to other groups. Nonetheless, there\'s a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety among premenopausal women, emphasizing the need for screening and intervention, such as hormone therapy, to prevent severe outcomes.

Treating lactating sows with chorionic gonadotropins may allow controlling their post-weaning reproductive function, despite the occurrence of anestrous during lactation. This article reviews the potential effectiveness of treatment with both equine and human chorionic gonadotropins (eCG and hCG, respectively) during lactation on the control of estrus expression and ovulation in weaned sows. The use of 1,000 IU hCG at 24 and 48 h postpartum may induce ovulation in the treated sows, but the ovulation rate may be variable. Pregnancy rates may be improved with combined treatment after the second week of lactation with both chorionic gonadotropins: 1,500 IU eCG plus 500 - 1,000 hCG; or 1,000 IU eCG plus 1,000 IU hCG. Treatment with eCG (1,000 - 2,000 IU) at the end of lactation may result in acceptable estrus expression and ovulation rates, although with marginal benefit for pregnancy rates. The subsequent response to treatments with chorionic gonadotropins during lactation is likely influenced by the treatment period, the suckling frequency during lactation, and the boar exposure during the weaning-to-estrus interval. A better understanding of the efficiency of such steroid-free treatments is increasingly relevant due to the constraints of the use of steroid hormones in livestock reproductive management.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy for assigned male at birth (AMAB) individuals with gender incongruence typically consists of estradiol with or without an anti-androgen to achieve physical changes and psychological benefits. However, prescribed hormone regimens vary considerably, and high-quality research in this area is extremely limited. Additional evidence-based research evaluating patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is needed to fill current knowledge gaps and create a personalized therapeutic approach for AMAB individuals. This editorial provides a critical description of current treatment options, discusses their variability, reviews some discrepancies in guideline-based dosing recommendations, and recommends areas for further study.