尽管是副翅目的单体(=半翅目或Acer虫,由Psocodea组成,舌翅目和半翅目)在形态学上已被广泛接受,分子系统发育和系统发育分析的结果与这一假设相矛盾.特别是,系统基因组分析为Psocodea和Holometabola之间的姐妹组关系提供了强大的自举支持,也就是说,副翅目。这里,我们检查了副翅目的翼胸肌肉组织,以及广泛的其他新翅目昆虫,并分析了其系统发育意义。通过使用同步加速器显微计算机断层扫描(µCT)和基于简约的祖先状态重建,几种同形条件表明副翅目的单体,例如缺乏II/IIItpm7,IIscm3,IIIspm2和IIIscm3肌肉,已确定。相比之下,从胸肌中没有发现支持Psocodia全代谢的字符。这些结果为副翅目的单体提供了额外的支持,连同先前检测到的头部形态无组织,机翼底座,和腹部。
Although the monophyly of Paraneoptera (=hemipteroid orders or Acercaria, composed of Psocodea, Thysanoptera and Hemiptera) has been widely accepted morphologically, the results from molecular phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses contradict this hypothesis. In particular, phylogenomic analyses provide strong bootstrap support for the sister group relationship between Psocodea and
Holometabola, that is, paraphyly of Paraneoptera. Here, we examined the pterothoracic musculature of Paraneoptera, as well as a wide range of other neopterous insect orders, and analysed its phylogenetic implication. By using the synchrotron microcomputed tomography (µCT) and parsimony-based ancestral state reconstruction, several apomorphic conditions suggesting the monophyly of Paraneoptera, such as the absence of the II/IIItpm7, IIscm3, IIIspm2 and IIIscm3 muscles, were identified. In contrast, no characters supporting Psocodea +
Holometabola were recovered from the thoracic muscles. These results provide additional support for the monophyly of Paraneoptera, together with the previously detected morphological apomorphies of the head, wing base, and abdomen.