Spontaneous or idiopathic bile duct perforation is rare, mostly seen in children from 25 weeks of gestation to 7 years of age, with the confluence of cystic duct and common hepatic duct (CHD) being the most common site. The exact aetiopathogenesis remains elusive and poorly understood, leading to a lack of consensus on its optimal management. The condition is often diagnosed intraoperatively. We present a case of spontaneous perforation of the CHD in a boy in his middle childhood, alongside a review of relevant literature. The patient presented with acute abdomen and pyobiliary peritonitis, for which a hollow viscus perforation was suspected. An emergent laparotomy revealed a 0.5 cm CHD perforation. Surgical intervention involved T-tube insertion and drainage, leading to a successful recovery. This case underscores the challenge of preoperative diagnosis, necessitating prompt exploration after initial resuscitation. There is a need for clinical vigilance and tailored surgical approaches.

To improve postoperative outcomes in newborns and infants with choledochal cysts and to determine the indications for surgery.
There were 13 children aged 0-3 months with choledochal cyst who underwent reconstructive surgery between 2019 and 2023. In all children, choledochal cyst was associated with cholestasis. Acholic stool was observed in almost half of the group (n=7). All children underwent cyst resection and Roux-en-Y hepaticoenterostomy.
Symptoms of cholestasis regressed in all patients. Mean surgery time was 128±27 min. There were no complications. Enteral feeding was started after 1-2 postoperative days, abdominal drainage was removed after 6.2±1.6 days. Mean length of hospital-stay was 16±3.7 days. Adequate bile outflow is one of the main principles. For this purpose, anastomosis with intact tissues of hepatic duct should be as wide as possible. Roux-en-Y loop should be at least 40-60 cm to prevent postoperative cholangitis.
Drug-resistant cholestasis syndrome and complicated choledochal cysts (cyst rupture, bile peritonitis) are indications for surgical treatment in newborns and infants. When forming Roux-en-Y hepaticoenterostomy, surgeon should totally excise abnormal tissues of the biliary tract to prevent delayed malignant transformation.
Кисты холедоха — это врожденный порок развития, проявляющийся расширением наружных желчных ходов. Частота встречаемости — 1:100 тыс. — 1:150 тыс. новорожденных.
Улучшение результатов лечения новорожденных и детей грудного возраста с кистами холедоха и определение показаний для хирургического лечения кист холедоха в периоде новорожденности.
С 2019 по 2023 г. пролечены 13 детей в возрасте от 0 до 3 мес жизни с кистой холедоха, у которых выполнено реконструктивное оперативное вмешательство. У всех детей киста холедоха сочеталась с синдромом холестаза, ахоличный стул отмечен почти у половины (n=7). Всем детям выполнено наложение гепатикоэнтероанастомоза на изолированной петле по Ру.
У всех пациентов в послеоперационном периоде отмечено разрешение симптомов холестаза. Среднее время операции составило 128±27 мин, осложнений не отмечено. Энтеральная нагрузка начата на 1—2-е послеоперационные сутки, дренаж из брюшной полости удален на 6,2±1,6 сутки. Средняя продолжительность госпитализации — 16±3,7 койко/дня. Одним из главных принципов оперативного лечения является создание адекватного оттока желчи из печени. Для этого анастомоз с неизмененными тканями печеночных протоков должен быть максимально широким. При этом петля по Ру должна быть не менее 40—60 см, что обеспечивает профилактику холангита в послеоперационном периоде.
У новорожденных и детей до 3 мес показаниями к оперативному лечению является синдром холестаза, резистентный к консервативной терапии, осложненное течение кисты холедоха (разрыв кисты, желчный перитонит). При формировании гепатикоэнтероанастомоза на изолированной петле по Ру необходимо радикально удалять измененные ткани желчевыводящих путей, для предотвращения возможной малигнизации в старшем возрасте.

Objective: To analyze the clinical application value of a novel magnetic navigation ultrasound (MNU) combined with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) dual-guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTCD) through the right hepatic duct for the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. The clinical data of 64 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice requiring PTCD through the right hepatic duct at the Hepatobiliary Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province People\'s Hospital) from December 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The MNU group (n=32) underwent puncture guided by a novel domestic MNU combined with DSA, and the control group (n=32) underwent puncture guided by traditional DSA. The operation time, number of punctures, X-ray dose after biliary stenting as shown by DSA, patients\' tolerance of the operation, success rate of the operation, pre- and post-operative total bilirubin, and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The operation time of the MNU group was significantly shorter than that of the control group [(17.8±7.3) vs. (31.6±9.9) min, t=-6.35,P=0.001]; the number of punctures in the MNU group was significantly lower [(1.7±0.6) vs. (6.3±3.9) times, t=-6.59, P=0.001]; and the X-ray dose after biliary stenting as shown by DSA in the MNU group was lower than that in the control group [(132±88) vs. (746±187) mGy, t=-16.81,P<0.001]; Five patients in the control group were unable to tolerate the operation, and two stopped the operation, however all patients in the MNU group could tolerate the operation, and all completed the operation, with a success rate of 100% (32/32) in the MNU group compared to 93.8%(30/32) in the control group; the common complications of PTCD were biliary bleeding and infection, and the incidence of biliary bleeding (25.0%, 8/32) and infection (18.8%, 6/32) in the MNU group was significantly lower than that in the control group, 53.1% (17/32) and 28.1% (9/32), respectively. Conclusion: Magnetic navigation ultrasound combined with DSA dual-guided PTCD through the right biliary system for the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice is safe and feasible.
目的： 探讨一款新型磁导航超声技术联合数字减影血管造影（DSA）双引导经右肝管行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的初步临床应用价值。 方法： 随机对照试验。回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院（江苏省人民医院）肝胆中心2018年12月至2021年12月收治的64例因恶性梗阻性黄疸需从右肝管行PTCD的患者的临床资料，磁导航超声组患者为32例，采用新型磁导航超声（MNU）结合DSA进行双引导穿刺，对照组患者为32例，采用传统DSA引导进行穿刺。对比两组的手术时间、穿刺次数、胆管置管完成后DSA显示的X线剂量、患者对手术的耐受度、手术成功率、手术前后总胆红素及术后并发症发生率等情况。 结果： 磁导航超声组手术时间明显短于对照组［（17.8±7.3）比（31.6±9.9）min，t=-6.35，P=0.001］。穿刺次数磁导航超声组明显减少［（1.7±0.6）比（6.3±3.9）次，t=-6.59，P=0.001］。胆管置管完成后DSA显示的X线剂量磁导航超声组少于对照组［（132±88）比（746±187）mGy，t=-16.81，P<0.001］。对照组有5例患者表示，因多次穿刺引发的疼痛或长时间的手术无法承受相关手术操作，2例因此停止手术，而磁导航超声组没有患者出现无法耐受手术的情况，全部完成手术，手术成功率磁导航超声组（100%，32/32）高于对照组（93.8%，30/32）。磁导航超声组患者胆管出血（25.0%，8/32）及感染的发生率（18.8%，6/32）明显低于对照组，对照组出血发生率53.1%（17/32）、感染发生率28.1%（9/32）。 结论： 新型磁导航超声结合DSA双引导经右胆管行PTCD治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸安全、有效，具有较高的临床推广价值。.

Introduction: The pediatric choledochal cyst with hepatic duct stenosis occurs postoperative hepatolithiasis, recurrent cholangitis, or pancreatitis. The laparoscopic hepatic ductoplasty can prevent these incidences. Objectives: To determine the characteristic of hepatic duct stenosis, laparoscopic treatment, and outcomes in systematic review and meta-analysis. Methodology: We searched the published studies on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases from January 1985 to April 2022 in English language. This protocol was registered to PROSPERO (CRD42022332145). Results: Nine published studies and 412 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the locations were the confluence of the left and right hepatic ducts 43.1%, the left or/and the right hepatic duct 8.3%, and the unclassified location 60.4%. These characteristics included a membranous/septum appearance (44.7%) and a circumferential/relative stenosis (22.7%). The laparoscopic techniques were the wide hilar Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (28.5%), the excision of membranes/septum (26.5%), and the mixed hepatic ductoplasty (45.0%). The outcomes revealed a minor bile leakage of 3.8% and minimal bleeding. The meta-analysis showed no statistical difference between laparoscopic and open techniques in hepatolithiasis (0% versus 2.00%), anastomosis stricture (4.83% versus 10.00%), and no recurrent cholangitis. There was no conversion rate but showed a trend the prolonged operating time in laparoscopy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic hepatic ductoplasty is safe and effective. The characteristics and location can be feasible laparoscopic procedures. So, hepatic ductoplasty decreases hepatolithiasis, anastomosis stricture, or recurrent cholangitis and may increase minor bile leakage. The systematic review registration was PROSPERO system with CRD42022332145.

We report the case of a woman in her 40s, with no significant medical history, submitted to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our institution for symptomatic gallbladder lithiasis. On postoperative day 4, she presented to our emergency room with severe abdominal pain and elevated inflammatory markers. Abdominal CT scan revealed a mass filled with liquid and air in the gallbladder fossa. Surgical exploration was performed revealing a major common hepatic duct iatrogenic injury, which was managed using suture over a T-tube. Three months after surgery, cholangiography showed a biliary stenosis, and a biodegradable stent was inserted through percutaneous transhepatic access. The difficulties in the management of this condition and its outcomes are discussed in this report.

Hepatocelluar carcinoma presenting as a biliary duct tumor thrombus is a relatively rare entity, with poor prognosis. The primary clinical manifestation of this disease is obstructive jaundice, which can often be misdiagnosed. A 59-year-old female patient was admitted with sudden onset of abdominal pain. Laboratory tests suggested obstructive jaundice, and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the upper abdomen did not show obvious biliary dilatation. Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suggested an occupying lesion in the upper bile duct. SpyGlass and biopsy finally confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma with right hepatic duct tumor thrombus hemorrhage. The SpyGlass Direct Visualization System, as an advanced biliary cholangioscopy device, showed the advantages of single-person operation as well as easy access to and visualization of the lesion.

BACKGROUND: The management of bile duct injury (BDI) remains a considerable challenge in the department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. BDI is mainly iatrogenic and mostly occurs in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). After more than 2 decades of development, with the increase in experience and technological advances in LC, the complications associated with the procedure have decreased annually. However, bile duct injuries (BDI) still have a certain incidence, the severity of BDI is higher, and the form of BDI is more complex.
METHODS: We report the case of a patient who presented with bile duct injury and formation of a right hepatic duct-duodenal fistula after LC.
METHODS: Based on the diagnosis, a dissection was performed to relieve bile duct obstruction, suture the duodenal fistula, and anastomose the right and left hepatic ducts to the jejunum.
METHODS: Based on the diagnosis, a dissection was performed to relieve bile duct obstruction, suture the duodenal fistula, and anastomose the right and left hepatic ducts to the jejunum.
RESULTS: Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with normal liver function and no complications, such as anastomotic fistula or biliary tract infection. The patient was hospitalized for 11 days postoperatively and discharged.
CONCLUSIONS: The successful diagnosis and treatment of this case and the summarization of the imaging features and diagnosis of postoperative BDI have improved the diagnostic understanding of postoperative BDI and provided clinicians with a particular clinical experience and basis for treating such diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate common hepatic duct just distal to the HE anastomosis (d-CHD) prospectively for mucosal damage, inflammation, fibrosis, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, malignant transformation, effects of serum amylase, and symptoms at presentation in CC cases ranging from children to adults.
METHODS: Cross-sections of d-CHD obtained at cyst excision 2018-2023 from 65 CC patients; 40 children (< 15 years old), 25 adults (≥ 15) were examined with hematoxylin and eosin, Ki-67, S100P, IMP3, p53, and Masson\'s trichrome to determine an inflammation score (IS), fibrosis score (FS), and damaged mucosa rate (DMR; damaged mucosa expressed as a percentage of the internal circumference).
RESULTS: Mean age at cyst excision (\"age\") was 18.2 years (range: 3 months-74 years). Significant inverse correlations were found for age and DMR (p = 0.002), age and IS (p = 0.011), and age and Ki-67 (p = 0.01). FS did not correlate with age (p = 0.32) despite significantly increased IS in children. Dysplasia was identified in a 4-month-old girl with cystic CC. Serum amylase was elevated in high DMR subjects.
CONCLUSIONS: High DMR, high IS, and evidence of dysplasia in pediatric CC suggest children are at risk for serious sequelae best managed by precise histopathology, protocolized follow-up, and awareness that premalignant histopathology can arise in infancy.

A 15-year-old girl with recurrent upper abdominal pain was diagnosed with congenital biliary dilatation. Abdominal enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed the anterior segmental branch of the right hepatic artery (RHA) running across the ventral aspect of the dilated common hepatic duct (CHD). Laparoscopic extrahepatic dilated biliary duct excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy were planned. Intraoperatively, the dilated CHD was observed to bifurcate into the ventral and dorsal ducts, between which the anterior segmental branch of the RHA crossed through the CHD. The CHD rejoined on the distal side as one duct. We transected the CHD just above the cystic duct. The patency of the ventral and dorsal sides of the bifurcated CHD was confirmed. Laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy was performed at the distal side of the rejoined CHD, without sacrificing the anterior segmental branch of the RHA. There was no postoperative blood flow impairment in the right hepatic lobe or anastomotic stenosis.

An aberrant right hepatic duct is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system. Failure to recognize these anomalies can result in serious complications. In this case, we present a patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis. Post-operatively she developed a bile leak for which she underwent reoperation. On re-exploration, she was discovered to have a cystic stump leak and a rare Hisatsugu type V anatomic anomaly of the right hepatic duct originating from the cystic duct. She was subsequently managed with oversewing of the cystic duct stump and drainage. This case demonstrates the importance of recognizing these rare anomalies and the challenges of management in a rural, resource-limited setting.