几个世纪以来,牛奶一直是全球公认的全面和重要的食物来源。然而,牛奶中重金属和类金属(类金属)的存在是一个全球性问题。由于自然地质和各种人为活动,土壤中存在金属(类),这些金属被生物转移到动物饲料中,由于生物转移/积累,这进一步导致牛奶中存在金属(类)。本系统综述整理了2000年至2021年间已发表文献中的信息。它专注于全球牛奶中的金属(loid)问题,带来潜在的健康风险。这些污染物通过从土壤到动物饲料再到牛奶的生物转移/积累过程进入食物链。检查的关键金属(类)是砷(As),汞(Hg),铅(Pb),镉(Cd)。对66篇论文的荟萃分析揭示了这些污染物在全球牛奶样品中的广泛存在,铅是研究最多的(43%)。这项研究估计金属(类)的水平或浓度为12.71(95%置信区间(CI)=0.16-25.26),16.09(95%CI=4.31-27.70),197.04(95%CI=75.28-318.18),砷31.67(95%CI=20.14-43.20)μg/kg(ppb),Hg,Pb,还有Cd,分别使用Stata™。牛奶中的金属(类)浓度在Pb和Cd以外的阈值范围内。在美国的一些研究,非洲,亚洲报告铅和镉浓度升高,引发健康担忧。模拟风险商(RQ)和综合风险商(IRQ)值通常保持在1以上,表明潜在的人类健康风险。值得注意的是,IRQ值随着更多金属(类)的考虑而增加。亚组分析表明低脂牛奶中含有较高的金属(类)浓度。虽然牛奶中的金属浓度在很大程度上符合安全限制,一些地区表现出有关浓度。因此,为了确保乳制品的安全,有必要继续进行监测,以解决与牛奶中金属(类)相关的潜在健康风险。
Milk has been globally recognised as a comprehensive and vital food source for centuries. However, the presence of heavy metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s) in milk is a global problem. As metal(loid)s are present in the soil due to natural geogenic and various anthropogenic activities, these metal(loid)s are bio-transferred into animal feed, which further results in the presence of metal(loid)s in milk due to bio transfer/accumulation. This systematic review collated information from published literature between 2000 and 2021. It focused on the global issue of metal(loid)s in milk, posing potential health risks. These contaminants enter the food chain through the bio-transfer/accumulation process from soil to animal feed to milk. The key metal(loid)s examined are arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). A meta-analysis of 66 selected papers revealed the widespread presence of these contaminants in milk samples globally, with Pb being the most studied (43 %). This research estimated metal(loid)s levels or concentrations as 12.71 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.16-25.26), 16.09 (95 % CI = 4.31-27.70), 197.04 (95 % CI = 75.28-318.18), 31.67 (95 % CI = 20.14-43.20) μg/kg (ppb) for As, Hg, Pb, and Cd, respectively using Stata™. The metal(loid) concentrations in milk were within the threshold limits other than Pb and Cd. Some studies in America, Africa, and Asia reported elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, raising health concerns. The simulated Risk Quotients (RQ) and Integrated Risk Quotient (IRQ) values generally remain above one, indicating potential human health risks. Notably, the IRQ value increases with more metal(loid)s consideration. Subgroup analysis indicates low-fat milk contains higher metal(loid)s concentrations. While metal(loid)s concentrations in milk largely comply with safety limits, some regions exhibit concerning concentrations. Therefore, continued surveillance to address potential health risks associated with metal(loid)s in milk is necessary to ensure dairy products\' safety.