Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable capabilities in natural language processing and generation. In this article, we explore the potential applications of LLMs in enhancing cardiovascular care and research. We discuss how LLMs can be used to simplify complex medical information, improve patient-physician communication, and automate tasks such as summarising medical articles and extracting key information. In addition, we highlight the role of LLMs in categorising and analysing unstructured data, such as medical notes and test results, which could revolutionise data handling and interpretation in cardiovascular research. However, we also emphasise the limitations and challenges associated with LLMs, including potential biases, reasoning opacity, and the need for rigourous validation in medical contexts. This review provides a practical guide for cardiovascular professionals to understand and harness the power of LLMs while navigating their limitations. We conclude by discussing the future directions and implications of LLMs in transforming cardiovascular care and research.

Computational prediction of RNA-RNA interactions (RRI) is a central methodology for the specific investigation of inter-molecular RNA interactions and regulatory effects of non-coding RNAs like eukaryotic microRNAs or prokaryotic small RNAs. Available methods can be classified according to their underlying prediction strategies, each implicating specific capabilities and restrictions often not transparent to the non-expert user. Within this work, we review seven classes of RRI prediction strategies and discuss the advantages and limitations of respective tools, since such knowledge is essential for selecting the right tool in the first place.Among the RRI prediction strategies, accessibility-based approaches have been shown to provide the most reliable predictions. Here, we describe how IntaRNA, as one of the state-of-the-art accessibility-based tools, can be applied in various use cases for the task of computational RRI prediction. Detailed hands-on examples for individual RRI predictions as well as large-scale target prediction scenarios are provided. We illustrate the flexibility and capabilities of IntaRNA through the examples. Each example is designed using real-life data from the literature and is accompanied by instructions on interpreting the respective results from IntaRNA output. Our use-case driven instructions enable non-expert users to comprehensively understand and utilize IntaRNA\'s features for effective RRI predictions.

Despite their inclusion as first-line therapy for many chronic diseases, lifestyle interventions are often de-emphasized in medical education and fail to make it into the repertoire of non-lifestyle medicine trained clinicians. We sought to address this gap in medical education by creating a concise pocket guide to lifestyle medicine that lends itself to use in the face-to-face clinical setting. With input from lifestyle medicine experts, the guide was created by medical students for medical students as well as other healthcare professionals for use in a variety of clinical settings. In this article we share our process of creating the guide, initial feedback, and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been used to understand patient health conditions better. Therefore, numerous PRO measures (questionnaires) and guidelines or guidance have been developed. However, it is challenging to select target guidance from among the many available guidance and to understand the chosen guidance. This study comprehensively collected the existing PRO guidance for clinical trials or studies and practices to support novice PRO users in academia, industry, clinical practice, and regulatory and reimbursement decision-making.
METHODS: For the scoping review, we searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Google Books, WorldCat, and the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Bookshelf databases from 2009 to 2023. The eligibility criteria were PRO guidance for clinical trials, clinical practice, or application such as health technology assessment. Those guidance cover aspects such as quality of life (QOL), PRO, health-related QOL, health state utilities, psychometric requirements, implementation methods, analysis and interpretation, or clinical practice applications. After the systematic search, three researchers individually reviewed the collected data, and the reviewed articles and books were scrutinized using the same criteria.
RESULTS: We collected the PRO guidance published in articles and books between 2009 and 2023. From the database searches, 1,455 articles and 387 books were identified, of which one book and 33 articles were finally selected. The collected PRO guidance was categorized into the adoption of PRO measures, design and reporting of trials or studies using PROs, implementation of PRO evaluation in clinical trials or studies or clinical practice, analysis and interpretation of PROs, and application of PRO evaluation. Based on this categorization, we suggest the following for novices: When selecting guidance, novices should clarify the \"place\" and \"purpose\" where the guidance will be used. Additionally, they should know that the terminology related to PRO and the scope and expectations of PROs vary by \"places\" and \"purposes\".
CONCLUSIONS: From this scoping review of existing PRO guidance, we provided summaries and caveats to assist novices in selecting guidance that fits their purpose and understanding it.

UNASSIGNED: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by the occurrence of severe, painful nodules, abscesses, and fistulas, most commonly found in the skin folds of the axilla, groin, gluteal, and perianal areas. The disease is of interest to many researchers, however, verified information for patients is still limited.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the baseline knowledge about acne inversa among patients suffering from the disease as well as to assess whether an educational intervention as a handbook can improve patients\' knowledge of their illness.
UNASSIGNED: This research study was a cross-sectional survey conducted on HS Facebook support group. The respondents completed an anonymized questionnaire assessing their state of knowledge about acne inversa. After 1 month they were presented with a handbook. Thereafter the patients completed nearly the same anonymized questionnaire assessing the state of knowledge after reading the handbook.
UNASSIGNED: We enrolled 102 participants before (group A) and 30 participants after (group B) the educational intervention. The vast majority of the participants (83.3%) appraised the idea of preparing a handbook as 10 points. In both groups, respondents who were aware of their disease severity had significantly superior results than the participants who were not. After reading the handbook extensively, more patients assessed the state of their general HS knowledge as \'good\' than before.
UNASSIGNED: Our study demonstrated that knowledge about HS among patients is still insufficient. Tools such as handbooks may prove useful in disseminating expertise and helping patients to understand their disease.

UNASSIGNED: Transitioning from one clinical rotation to the next may be particularly stressful for orthopaedic residents attempting to navigate new work environments with new faculty mentors and new patients. The purpose of this quality improvement (QI) project was to determine if resident stress could be improved by using a handbook to disseminate key rotation-specific data during quarterly rotation transition periods.
UNASSIGNED: A comprehensive electronic handbook was created by residents to describe each rotation in our orthopaedic training program in terms of: (1) faculty and staff contact data, (2) daily clinic and surgery schedules, (3) resident responsibilities and faculty expectations, and (4) key resources and documents. At rotation transition, a session in the academic schedule was dedicated for outgoing residents to update the handbook and to sign-out to incoming residents. Pre- and post-handbook questionnaires were administered to assess resident perceptions of stress or anxiety, preparedness, and confidence before commencing the new rotation. Nonparametric data derived from the surveys were analyzed using the sign test choosing p < 0.05 for a two-tailed test as the level of statistical significance.
UNASSIGNED: Most residents perceived improvements in stress/anxiety, preparedness, and confidence understanding rotation expectations after the handbook was implemented. Changes in these three outcome parameters were statistically significant.
UNASSIGNED: This rotation transition QI initiative consisting of a resident-authored, rotation-specific electronic handbook and dedicated verbal sign-out session enhanced resident wellness by decreasing stress, increasing preparedness, and improving confidence among residents starting a new rotation. Similar online resources may be useful for trainees in other specialties.

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In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers\' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric cardiology fellows, tasked with studying a large and dynamic field, may benefit from a quick-access digital resource that reflects contemporary practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a paediatric cardiology handbook smartphone app in enhancing the accessibility of information such as guidelines and recommendations for paediatric cardiology fellows.
METHODS: The Peds Cardiology Handbook app (iOS) was designed using XCode and Swift programming. A pre-app survey and download instructions were sent to the US paediatric cardiology fellows, followed by a post-app survey. Fellows were asked to rate the ease of rapid access to various types of information. Responses were compared pre- and post-app using McNemar\'s test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirty paediatric cardiology fellows were contacted; 23% (n = 53) completed both the pre- and post-app surveys and were included for analysis. After using the app, fellows found it easier to quickly access information in eight out of nine domains evaluated (p < 0.05). All fellows found the app easy to use (100%), most felt that the app was well-organised (98%), contained reliable information (92%), and was useful for finding quick answers to clinical questions (87%).
CONCLUSIONS: The Peds Cardiology Handbook iPhone app is a useful, reliable tool that provides quick access to high-yield information, including guidelines and references. Overall, paediatric cardiology fellows found it easier to rapidly access clinically relevant information after using the app. Future studies may be necessary to evaluate long-term use and impact on evidence-based practice.

In 1573, Georg Henisch published a short pharmaceutical handbook, Enchiridion medicinae, which contains remedies for individual health problems, without making any further comments on the effects and method of use. However, this manual had a predecessor which was published in Paris in 1571 without mentioning the author. The text of both editions is practically identical, there are only minimal differences, but the second edition has been expanded to a foreword and final sections with some recipes. A comparison of the work with contemporary medical literature revealed that Enchiridion medicinae is a compilation of three works by other authors, De materia medicinali et compositione medicamentorum by G. Rondelet from 1556, a commentary by the French author Sebastien Coquillat Scipio on Galen\'s work Quos, quibus, quando purgare oporteat from 1553 and the book Lilium medicinae by Bernard de Gordon from 1550. Henisch probably acquired this compilation from 1571 as a young student in France, added some passages by Rendelet and passages from two others books, wrote a foreword which he signed with his name and published in Basel in 1573.
UNASSIGNED: Im Jahr 1573 veröffentlichte Georg Henisch ein pharmazeutisches Kurzhandbuch, Enchiridion medicinae. Es enthält Heilmittel gegen gesundheitliche Beschwerden, ohne weitere Angaben zur Wirkung oder die Art der Anwendung. Dieses Handbuch basiert auf einer Vorstufe, die 1571 in Paris ohne Angabe eines Autors veröffentlicht wurde. Der Text beider Ausgaben ist nahezu identisch. Die zweite Ausgabe ist um ein Vorwort und abschließende Abschnitte mit einigen Rezepten erweitert. Ein Vergleich dieser Arbeit mit der zeitgenössischen medizinischen Literatur ergibt, dass das Enchiridion medicinae eine Zusammenstellung dreier Werke anderer Autoren ist: De materia medicinali et compositione medicamentorum von Guillaume Rondelet aus dem Jahr 1556; ein Kommentar des französischen Autors Sebastien Coquillat Scipio zu Galens Werk Quos, quibus, quando purgare oporteat von 1553; und das Lilium medicinae von Bernard de Gordon von 1550. Vermutlich hat Henisch als junger Student in Frankreich diese Kompilation aus dem Jahr 1571 erworben. Er ergänzte ein wenig um Passagen von Rendelet, fügte weitere Passagen aus zwei anderen Büchern hinzu und verfasste ein Vorwort, das er mit seinem Namen unterschrieb. So veröffentliche er 1573 in Basel das Enchiridion medicinae.