在数字水印等通信技术中,无线传感器网络(WSN),和可见光通信(VLC),纠错码是至关重要的。增强型Hadamard纠错码(EHC)它基于2D哈达玛基础图像,是本研究中提出的一种新颖的纠错技术。该技术用于评估视频水印方案的有效性。即使使用高度复杂的嵌入技术,水印通常无法抵抗这种全面的攻击,因为在视频传播中经常使用大约1:200的非常高的压缩率。它只能与足够的纠错编码方法结合使用。这项研究比较了著名的里德-所罗门密码与这项新技术的功效,增强型Hadamard纠错码(EHC)在嵌入视频中保持水印。这种新创建的多维增强Hadamard纠错码背后的主要思想是在2D基础图片被转换为一维行的集合之后对它们使用1DHadamard解码方法。在此之后,重建图像,允许更有效的2D解码过程。使用这种技术,有可能超过Dmin-12位的理论纠错能力阈值,其中dmin是汉明距离。可以通过将2DEHC转换成3D格式来实现更好的结果。在视频水印编码方案中使用了新的增强型Hadamard码,以显示其可行性和有效性。在视频水印嵌入过程中,使用多级帧间小波变换对原始视频进行分解。低通滤波被应用于视频流以便提取特定频率范围。随后使用该滤波部分合并水印。使用Reed-Solomon校正码或增强Hadamard码来保护水印。实验结果表明,EHC远远优于RS代码,并且对严重的MPEG压缩非常有弹性。
In communication technologies such as digital watermarking, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and visual light communication (VLC), error-correcting codes are crucial. The Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code (EHC), which is based on 2D Hadamard Basis Images, is a novel error correction technique that is presented in this study. This technique is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the video watermarking scheme. Even with highly sophisticated embedding techniques, watermarks usually fail to resist such comprehensive attacks because of the extraordinarily high compression rate of approximately 1:200 that is frequently employed in video dissemination. It can only be used in conjunction with a sufficient error-correcting coding method. This study compares the efficacy of the well-known Reed-Solomon Code with this novel technique, the Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code (EHC), in maintaining watermarks in embedded videos. The main idea behind this newly created multidimensional Enhanced Hadamard Error-Correcting Code is to use a 1D Hadamard decoding approach on the 2D base pictures after they have been transformed into a collection of one-dimensional rows. Following that, the image is rebuilt, allowing for a more effective 2D decoding procedure. Using this technique, it is possible to exceed the theoretical error-correcting capacity threshold of ⌊dmin-12⌋ bits, where dmin is the Hamming distance. It may be possible to achieve better results by converting the 2D EHC into a 3D format. The new Enhanced Hadamard Code is used in a video watermarking coding scheme to show its viability and efficacy. The original video is broken down using a multi-level interframe wavelet transform during the video watermarking embedding process. Low-pass filtering is applied to the video stream in order to extract a certain frequency range. The watermark is subsequently incorporated using this filtered section. Either the Reed-Solomon Correcting Code or the Enhanced Hadamard Code is used to protect the watermarks. The experimental results show that EHC far outperforms the RS Code and is very resilient against severe MPEG compression.