This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of questionnaires related to cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in school-age children with cerebral palsy (CP). Additionally, it proposes an application process based on motor functionality for occupational therapists. A total of 288 children with CP were recruited for the study and administered the CVI Motor Questionnaire (CVI-MQ). The children\'s daily visual performance was assessed using the CVI Inventory and the Functional Vision Questionnaire (FVQ) considering the children\'s ambulatory status. The FVQ and the two factors extracted from the CVI Inventory significantly predicted visual functioning. Specific questionnaires related to CVI, applied with gross motor function in mind, can be valuable tools for occupational therapists to assess daily visual performance.

BACKGROUND: FUNDES-Child-SE is a proxy rating questionnaire for measuring participation and independence in children with disabilities in a Swedish context. It includes the components of frequency of attendance, engagement and independence. The original, Taiwanese FUNDES-Child 7.0, has previously been found to have a four-factor structure for frequency of participation and a two-factor structure for independence. The aim of this study was to test the factor structure in FUNDES-Child-SE. The factor structure is an important part of construct validity.
METHODS: Caregivers of 163 children with disabilities aged 6-18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to find the factor structure for Engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure for all three components.
RESULTS: The proposed factor structure for frequency of participation (daily living participation frequency, mobility participation frequency, learning participation frequency and community participation frequency) and independence (daily living independence and social participation independence) fit with data from FUNDES-Child-SE after excluding three to five items and adding two to five covariances of residuals. In the engagement component, two factors, named engagement in informal activities and engagement in formal activities, were found. After excluding one item and adding 10 covariances of residuals, the factor structure had an acceptable fit to data.
CONCLUSIONS: Differences in components\' factor structure indicate that attendance and engagement are separate aspects of participation. Before using numeric scores from FUNDES-Child-SE in clinical settings, responsiveness and interpretability should be evaluated.

This report summarises the SMARTCLAP research project, which employs a user-centred design approach to develop a revolutionary smart product service system. The system offers personalised motivation to encourage children with cerebral palsy to actively participate more during their occupational therapy sessions, while providing paediatric occupational therapists with an optimal tool to monitor children\'s progress from one session to another. The product service system developed includes of a smart wearable device called DigiClap used to interact with a serious game in an Augmented Reality environment. The report highlights the research methodology used to advance the technology readiness level from 4 to 6, acknowledging the contribution of the consortium team and funding source. As part of the technology\'s maturity process, DigiClap and the respective serious game were evaluated with target users, to identify the system\'s impact in supporting the children\'s overall participation and hand function, and to gather feedback from occupational therapists and caregivers on this novel technology. The outcomes of this study are discussed, highlighting limitations and lessons learned. The report also outlines future work and further funding for the sustainability of the project and to reach other individuals who have upper limb limitations. Ultimately, the potential of DigiClap and the overall achievements of this project are discussed.

Cultural awareness reminds ABA service providers of the importance of considering the cultural practices of others when programming for behavior change. Decisions about the appropriateness of services may be difficult, however, when the values of the client conflict with the values of the culture(s) to which the client belongs or with the cultural biases of the practitioner. To minimize such conflicts, we propose a decision-making model that integrates client-centered and culture-centered assessments of habilitative validity. Throughout the proposed evaluation process, the behavior analyst and the recipients of services collaborate to refine program goals that will increase access to reinforcers for the client and their cultural groups. Given that cultures arrange reinforcers and punishers for the individual, assessing habilitative and social validity for the cultural groups affected by services is emphasized as an essential component of the model. We illustrate how the proposed model could be used to suggest appropriate courses of action by analyzing a situation that may involve conflicts of values.

UNASSIGNED: There is a need for an instrument to measure participation and independence in children with disabilities. FUNDES-Child-SE has its origin in the participation questionnaire Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation.
UNASSIGNED: Test the psychometric properties of internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study included caregivers of 163 children with disability aged 6-18 years, 59 of whom were also included in the test-retest study. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the proportions of valid ratings. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were tested through Cronbach\'s alpha and the intra-class correlation coefficient.
UNASSIGNED: The amount of not relevant/not applicable ratings was substantial but varied between items and subdomains. Internal consistency was acceptable (0.8-0.95), and the test-retest was marginal to excellent (0.73-0.95).
UNASSIGNED: The reliability together with the content validity support the use of the FUNDES-Child-SE to measure participation and independence in children with disabilities. However, results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and possible selection bias. Modifications to reduce the not relevant/not applicable responses should be investigated together with the instrument\'s responsiveness.
UNASSIGNED: FUNDES-Child-SE can be used to facilitate a discussion of participation and independence and to plan interventions in a habilitation setting.

The infantile cerebral paralysis is a significant medical social problem and economic burden for family, health care system and state economy in general since such children require organization of accessible environment and life-long rehabilitation maintenance. The purpose of the study is content-analysis of normative legal regulation of medical social rehabilitation of children with infantile cerebral paralysis in the Russian Federation. The analysis of main normative legal documents established that medical social rehabilitation is implemented in concordance with norms of international legislation and is regulated by provisions of Federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and its subjects. It was established that despite noticeable progress the legislation in this area has a number of significant shortcomings that adversely affect accessibility for children with cerebral palsy of high-quality and effective services of comprehensive medical social rehabilitation and requires improvement.

BACKGROUND: The use of digital communication in Swedish health care has increased in an effort to make health care more accessible. At the organizational level, trust in digitalization has stabilized, but a certain degree of skepticism regarding technology appears to exist among health care employees.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore health care professionals\' (HCPs) experiences of digital communication with patients and colleagues in a habilitation context.
METHODS: Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze data derived from individual interviews.
RESULTS: The results revealed that there were mixed feelings regarding the digital format used at the habilitation center. Although some skepticism remained regarding the digital format, there seemed to be a parallel understanding of the motives and benefits of digitalization. Hence, positive aspects, such as increased health care accessibility, were identified. However, emphasis was placed on the considerations required to make digital consultations appropriate for each patient.
CONCLUSIONS: Managing a workday influenced by the balance between digital and physical demands forces HCPs to adjust to the digital format and new ways of working. This requires HCPs to consider whether digital means are appropriate for communication in individual patient-specific cases.

Cochlear implants are a standard rehabilitation option for children with severe hearing loss or deafness, allowing access to speech sounds necessary for the development of spoken language. However, the speech-language outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant users vary widely and are not directly or exclusively linked to technology but to combinations of individual audiological, personal, technical, and habilitational factors. These combinations may not favor spoken language development, which may further be linked to the issue of prior insistence on spoken language learning and associated with a high risk of language deprivation. Here, we discuss the outcomes of cochlear implantation from a habilitative perspective and lay down the efforts and resources necessary for the development of communication competence after cochlear implantation rather than the achievement of specific hearing, language, or speech skills that have limited socioemotional and educational contributions and do not guarantee an independent or productive life.

OBJECTIVE: Academic careers still play a significant role in medicine. Although the doctorate remains interesting for many students, there are no data available from medical students, for example, with regard to the interest in habilitation. In parallel, a good work-life/family balance is a key career element for young medical professionals. The aim was to obtain an up-to-date opinion on the academic career of medical students.
METHODS: Using an online survey, medical students of all semesters in Germany were questioned on the topics of academic career, mentoring, and work-life balance from October 2017 to December 2018. For this purpose, the medical students were invited by e-mail to participate and answer an anonymized online questionnaire.
RESULTS: A total of 1,775 participants from all 38 German medical faculties (68.3% female; age 23.3 ± 4.0 years) were included. Almost half of the participants could envision working in a branch office after graduation. While a professional career appeared important to a clear majority (70.8%), leisure time was rated as even more important (84.3%), and work-life balance clearly prioritized personal life (41.2%) over career (9.6%). Acquiring a title was rated as important to one\'s career by 53.6%. However, while the acquisition of a doctorate was still an option for 88.0% of the respondents, the situation is significantly different for academic titles following a successful habilitation. Although the significance of a habilitation is rated as high to very high (66.1%), the titles of assistant professor (\"yes\": 13.0%), associate professor (6.0%) or university professor (7.0%) are much less likely to be considered by medical students and are therefore rated as \"maybe\" and \"no\". Nevertheless, almost 60% wished for better information and advice in their future field of work.
CONCLUSIONS: Careers in medicine are undergoing a transformation where better compatibility of leisure/family and work is no longer the sole focus. On the contrary, work-life blending is sought, as a connection between work and life. Changes are therefore necessary for professional and especially academic careers in order to make working in science and research attractive again.

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of mild psychomotor delay in infants whose mothers were treated for thyroid dysfunction regardless of the cause during first trimester of pregnancy with those whose mothers did not use medications prenatally. The sample included 200 infants up to 4 months of age. Half of the infants were examined by a pediatric physiatrist, while the other half were chosen randomly from the primary pediatric clinic. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of factors on psychomotor delay. The model contained seven independent variables derived from bivariate analyses and clinical relevance. Results showed that the infant\'s chance of having psychomotor delay was 5.53 times higher if the mother had drug-compensated thyroid dysfunction. Younger gestational age increased the likelihood of delay 2.12 times per each gestational week. The likelihood of psychomotor delay also rose by 1% per 1 g of birth weight reduction. We found strong positive linear correlation between maternal drug-compensated thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and psychomotor delay in infants, which has not been reported elsewhere. This differentiates an important and common prenatal risk factor and lays the foundation for faster initiation of habilitation of infants at risk. These insights provide a basis for planning the National Screening Program for Neurorisk Infants.