The Asanté HIV-1 Rapid Recency assay\'s \'verification\' line detected HIV infection a median of 18 days later than a nucleic acid detection assay and performed similarly to 19 other existing rapid HIV antibody tests. Pending regulatory approval, the assay could be an option with other rapid tests in national HIV-1 testing algorithms, which would allow collection of HIV recency data as part of a national screening program without requiring additional testing.

Machine learning algorithms play an essential role in bioinformatics and allow exploring the vast and noisy biological data in unrivaled ways. This paper is a systematic review of the applications of machine learning in the study of HIV neutralizing antibodies. This significant and vast research domain can pave the way to novel treatments and to a vaccine. We selected the relevant papers by investigating the available literature from the Web of Science and PubMed databases in the last decade. The computational methods are applied in neutralization potency prediction, neutralization span prediction against multiple viral strains, antibody-virus binding sites detection, enhanced antibodies design, and the study of the antibody-induced immune response. These methods are viewed from multiple angles spanning data processing, model description, feature selection, evaluation, and sometimes paper comparisons. The algorithms are diverse and include supervised, unsupervised, and generative types. Both classical machine learning and modern deep learning were taken into account. The review ends with our ideas regarding future research directions and challenges.

HIV testing efficiency could be improved by focusing on high yield populations and identifying types of health facilities where people with undiagnosed HIV infection are more likely to attend.
A retrospective cohort analysis of data collected during an integrated TB/HIV active case-finding intervention in Western Kenya. Data were analyzed from health facilities\' registers on individuals who reported TB-suggestive symptoms between 1 July and 31 December 2018 and who had an HIV test result within one month following symptom screening. We used logistic regression with general estimating equations adjusting for sub-county level data to identify health facility-level predictors of new HIV diagnoses.
Of 11,376 adults with presumptive TB identified in 143 health facilities, 1038 (9%) tested HIV positive. The median HIV positivity per health facility was 6% (IQR = 2-15%). Patients with TB symptoms were over three times as likely to have a new HIV diagnosis in private not-for-profit facilities compared to those in government facilities (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.40; 95% CI = 1.96-5.90). Patients tested in hospitals were over two times as likely to have a new HIV diagnosis as those tested in smaller facilities (i.e., health centers and dispensaries) (aOR 2.26; 95% CI = 1.60-3.21).
Individuals with presumptive TB who attended larger health facilities and private not-for-profit facilities had a higher likelihood of being newly diagnosed with HIV. Strengthening HIV services at these facilities and outreach to populations that use them could help to close the HIV diagnosis gap.

To investigate the seroreversion time in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants from two tertiary hospitals in China.
This study retrospectively investigated the data of perinatal, HIV-1-exposed infants from hospitals in Beijing and Shenzhen. Maternal and infant medical records from both hospitals from January 2009 to December 2019 were reviewed, and the HIV antibody seroreversion times of infants were determined. From 2009 to 2019, a total of 485 HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants were enrolled. The majority of infants were born at term with normal birth weight.
The seroreversion rates were 89.3%, 94.2% and 100% at 12, 18 and 24 months of age, respectively. There were no significant associations between seroreversion and several risk factors, such as gender, birth weight, gestational age, mode of delivery, postpartum prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment duration. The mean value of HIV-specific immunoglobulin G concentration decreased from 15.4 at day 42 to 0.03 after 24 months in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants.
Clearance of HIV antibodies could take more than 18 months in a small number of perinatally exposed infants. Caution should be used in excluding or diagnosing perinatal HIV infection in children with long persistence of HIV antibodies.

This study aimed to simultaneously measure and assess the correlation between the available HIV infection parameters including HIV antibody, p24 Antigen, CD4 cell count, and viral load at the different stages of HIV disease among HIV-positive individuals in Iran.
Fifty HIV-positive individuals were classified into three stages (1, 2, and 3) according to the HIV disease stages classification, available in Control of Disease and Prevention (CDC) guideline. 10 ml of the venous blood sample was collected to run the tests for HIV antibody and p24 Ag levels, CD4 cell counts, and viral load. Pearson\'s correlation test was employed to calculate the coefficients for the in-between correlation of different HIV parameters in each stage.
Of 50 participants, 17 (34%), 25 (50%), and 8 (16%) patients belonged to stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Sexual relationship was the main route of HIV transmission among the patients (36%); however, injecting drug use (20%) was also reported frequently. There was no significant correlation between the parameters of HIV disease in different stages in the present study.
The findings showed no correlation between HIV parameters in the present study. Considering the fact that the association of HIV antibodies with HIV disease progression in infected individuals is independent of HIV-1 RNA levels, combined measurement of HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell counts should be routinely carried out in HIV infected patients follow up.

BACKGROUND: The role of the screening protocol for viral hepatitis and human immuunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among infertile couples were seldom investigated.
OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infections among infertile couples referring to infertility clinic of Royan Institute.
METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 21673 infertile couples referring to infertility clinic of Royan Institute between 2009 and 2014. Serological findings for viral hepatitis B, C and HIV infection were gathered herewith demographic data of the study participants through the study checklist. Ultimately, 302 couples who had at least one positive result in their serological tests were included in the statistical analysis.
RESULTS: The HBV and HCV infections prevalence among study participants were 0.57% and 0.148% respectively; only two cases had HIV infection. HBV and HCV infections prevalence had significant association with the gender of participants, but there was no significant relationship between these infections and infertility types.
CONCLUSIONS: Viral hepatitis infections screening among infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques needs more attention.

Objective: To identify the influencing factors that leading to nonspecific responses to indeterminate HIV antibody tests, to provide scientific evidence for the differential diagnosis of HIV infection and control strategy. Methods: A case control study was conducted. The samples of HIV antibody indeterminate in confirmed Western blot (WB) tests, but were negative in HIV nucleic acid tests, were collected as HIV antibody indeterminate group from WB results of HIV confirmatory laboratories of Fujian province in 2015-2016. The general population matched group with HIV antibody screening negative samples and WB negative matched group with WB negative samples were selected as the two compared groups by matching gender and age from HIV antibody screening in Fujian province in the same period. Blood concentrations of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody, anti-treponema pallidum (TP) antibody, antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) antibody, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). χ(2) test and multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the influencing factors that leading to nonspecific responses, to indeterminate HIV antibody tests. Results: A total of 13 WB band patterns were observed in 110 HIV antibody indeterminate samples, in which a single p24 band (58.18%, 64/110), a single gp160 band (17.27%, 19/110) and a single p17 band (7.27%, 8/110) were the three most common patterns. The positive rate of anti-TP antibody was significantly higher in HIV antibody indeterminate samples than general population control group and WB negative control group (10.91%, 12/110 vs. 1.77%, 4/226 and 3.64%, 4/110), compared with two control groups (χ(2)=13.627 and 4.314, P<0.05). The positive rate of AFP was significantly higher in HIV antibody indeterminate samples than general population control group (18.18%, 20/110 vs. 0.44%, 1/226, χ(2)=39.736, P<0.05), the different was not significant compared with WB negative control group (18.18%, 20/110 vs. 23.64%, 26/110, χ(2)=0.990, P>0.05) While no significant differences were found between HIV antibody indeterminate group and two control groups in terms of the positive rates of ANA, HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody or anti-HTLV antibody. Conclusions: The influencing factors that leading to nonspecific responses to indeterminate HIV antibody tests appeared complicate, and the anti-TP antibody positivity might be an influencing factor responsible for nonspecific responses to indeterminate HIV antibody tests.
目的： 分析引起HIV抗体不确定非特异性反应的相关影响因素，为HIV鉴别诊断及防治策略提供科学依据。 方法： 采用病例对照研究设计，HIV抗体不确定组来源于2015－2016年福建省HIV确证实验室经免疫印迹试验（WB）确证结果为HIV抗体不确定且HIV核酸检测结果为阴性的样本，按照性别、年龄成组匹配同期福建省HIV抗体筛查样本，普通人群对照组来源于HIV抗体筛查结果阴性的普通人群样本，确证阴性对照组来源于HIV抗体初筛结果阳性但确证结果阴性的样本。应用ELISA法分别检测样本HBsAg、抗-HCV抗体、梅毒螺旋体（TP）抗体、抗核抗体（ANA）、人T淋细胞白血病病毒（HTLV）抗体和甲胎蛋白（AFP）含量。运用χ(2)检验和非条件多因素logistic回归分析引起HIV抗体不确定结果非特异性反应的影响因素。 结果： HIV抗体不确定组样本110例，共出现13种WB带型模式，p24单条带最常见，占58.18%（64/110），gp160单条带和p17单条带分别占17.27%（19/110）和7.27%（8/110）。HIV抗体不确定组的TP抗体阳性率为10.91%（12/110），高于普通人群对照组的1.77%（4/226）和确证阴性对照组的3.64%（4/110），差异有统计学意义（χ(2)值分别为13.627和4.314，P<0.05）；AFP阳性率为18.18%（20/110）高于普通人群对照组的0.44%（1/226），差异有统计学意义（χ(2)=39.736，P<0.05），但与确认阴性对照组的23.64%（26/110）相比，差异无统计学意义（χ(2)=0.990，P>0.05）。ANA、HBsAg、抗-HCV抗体和HTLV抗体指标在HIV抗体不确定组与普通人群对照组间的差异无统计学意义。 结论： 引起HIV抗体不确定结果非特异性反应的影响因素较为复杂，TP抗体阳性是HIV抗体不确定非特异性反应发生的可能影响因素。.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Efforts to curb the spread of HIV transmission through transfusion of blood and its products is still a problem because of challenge in countries using antibody-based rapid methods to detect infection during window period. Transmission of HIV through infected blood and its products accounts for approximately 10% in African region.
METHODS: This study analyzed true negativity of HIV infection in blood donors screened by ELISA test based on p24 core antigen detection. Four hundred and eighty (480) blood donors initially negative for HIV antibody by rapid screening kit, Determine™ HIV-1/2 (Abbott Laboratory, IL, USA) and re-screened with Immuno Comb® II HIV 1 and 2 (Bispot kit PBS Organics and Israel 2005). The samples were further tested for the presence of HIV antibody and p24 HIV core antigen using ELISA kits (Genscreen TM ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab) following manufacturer\'s instructions. All donors initially tested negative for Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus.
RESULTS: Two (0.42%) of 480 blood donors tested positive for the p24 HIV core antigen. The two positive donors for the p24 antigen had multiple sexual partners and recent sexually transmitted infections.
CONCLUSIONS: The association of the HIV p24 antigen with blood donation was highly significant (p = 0.000) and pose a great risk to recipients if screening of blood donor is only carried out by HIV antibody detection.

An all-in-one (AIO) dry-reagent time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay that requires minimal liquid handling was developed for the detection of anti-HIV-1 and -2 antibodies. To prepare the AIO wells, in vivo biotinylated capture antigens (r-Bio-HIV-1env and r-Bio-HIV-2env) were immobilized on streptavidin-coated microtitration wells and Eu(III) chelate labelled non-biotinylated tracer antigens [r-HIV-1env-Eu(III) and r-HIV-2env-Eu(III)] were dried in stable form in the same wells. The HIV AIO assay was evaluated with serum/plasma samples (n=148) from in-house and commercial panels at two different incubation times of 15 min and 1h. The overall sensitivity of the AIO assay was 98.6% and specificity was 100% for both the incubation times. The AIO assay can accept whole blood matrix. This assay is envisioned to fill the gap between the rapid point-of-care assays and traditional enzyme immunoassays (EIA) in terms of complexity and turnaround time, without compromising the performance.