The task of creating a remarkably stable and effective electrochemical catalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution is arduous, primarily due to the multitude of factors that need to be taken into account for the industrial utilization of Pt. In this work, hybrid formation through in-situ reduction of Pt onto biogenic porous silica (Pt-SiO2) is tested for its use as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen production. Exceptionally high electrocatalytic activity and excellent reusability of catalysts up to 200 cycles have been demonstrated. Pt-SiO2 with low Pt content of 0.48 to 0.82 at% with active catalytic sites exhibit superior catalytic activity with a Tafel slope of 22 mV dec-1 and an overpotential of 28 mV (vs. RHE at 10 mA cm-2) as compared to the Pt wire and previously reported bare Pt-SiO2 (0.65 at% and 0.48 at% of Pt), and hybrid (Pt/Ag) structures formed onto two different biogenic porous SiO2 substrates. The best catalytic performance of the Pt1Ag3 cluster, representing a low Pt concentration, has been validated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Here, the high production from the Pt1Ag3 cluster is assigned to the mutual synergistic effect between Pt/Ag atoms. The Pt atoms transfer the excess charge to the nearest Ag neighbors inside the cluster, facilitating hydrogen diffusion on the activated sites. These important findings authenticate the superior hydrogen production at reduced Pt concentration on amine-functionalized biogenic porous silica.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies provide evidence that in vivo metabolites are associated with breast cancer (BC). However, the causal relationship between blood metabolites and BC remains unclear.
METHODS: Comprehensive two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to determine the causal association between 1400 publicly available genetic data on metabolic factors and human epidermal growth factor receptor positive (HER+) BC or HER- BC in this study.
RESULTS: Epiandrosterone sulfate levels (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02 ~ 1.10, p = 0.0013), 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol monosulfate (2) levels (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03 ~ 1.12, p = 0.0012), glycohyocholate levels (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.77 ~ 0.93, p = 0.0007) and etiocholanolone glucuronide levels (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05 ~ 1.20, p = 0.0013) were causally correlated with HER+ BC. 5 metabolites were causally correlated with HER- BC: Vanillic acid glycine levels (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.06 ~ 1.22, p = 0.0003), Thyroxine levels (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.11 ~ 1.44, p = 0.0004), 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPI (16:0/18:2) levels (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.79 ~ 0.94, p = 0.0010), N-acetylphenylalanine levels (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05 ~ 1.19, p = 0.0007) and Glucose-to-mannose ratio (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.06 ~ 1.24, p = 0.0008). Two common causally related metabolites were identified: Gamma-glutamyl glutamate and X-12849 levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study has respectively demonstrated the connection between blood metabolites and HER+ or HER- BC by genetic means, thereby offering opportunities for therapeutic targets.

In the present study, we have synthesized the ternary nanostructure of CdS-rGO-Ag by using the solvothermal method for the enhanced photocatalytic as well as electrocatalytic activity of the material. The optical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. A decline in the energy gap of CdS-rGO-Ag nanostructure to 1.90 ± 0.05 from 2.40 ± 0.08 eV (CdS) is observed and may be attributed due to the rGO-Ag-induced creation of trap states in between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of CdS. The observed significant PL quenching also confirms the inclusion of trap states in the prepared nanostructure CdS-rGO-Ag, suggesting efficient photoactivity. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of CdS-rGO-Ag for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation supports the photocatalytic activity of prepared nanostructures. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical catalytic activity of the CdS-rGO-Ag catalyst investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) depicts the improved current density, lowering of overpotential. The decrement in charge transfer resistance and enhancement in photocurrent density under light illumination indicates the better photoelectrochemical performance of CdS-rGO-Ag.

BACKGROUND: Before the pandemic, digital health was merely a potential alternative to established systems of healthcare provision in Hungary. The technology was available but there was no governmental strategy regarding digital health use and development. The legal framework for digital solutions in healthcare was fragmented. COVID-19 created conditions in which digital solutions became the most feasible form of healthcare provision. We present the legislative and policy-making activities of the Hungarian government during the pandemic aimed at enhancing the organised and systematic use of these technologies.
METHODS: The core method used in our research is a review of legislation using the principles and methods of a systematic literature review. We searched the National Legislation Database for digital health related legislation for the period January 31, 2020 - June 1, 2022. To provide the context for the analysis, other relevant documents were identified through desk research.
RESULTS: Although established in 2017, the electronic health records (EHRs) were only widely used after the onset of the pandemic. Hungary used temporary state of emergency regulations to facilitate an increase in the number of teleconsultations. Our search identified 7 pieces of legislation that enabled healthcare providers to put digital solutions to instant use. They defined the conditions healthcare providers must meet for teleconsultations, set what interventions may be done, what can be reimbursed and dealt with security issues. The National Health Informatics Strategy of July 2021 is complex but mainly deals with technical issues. The three basic principles of the strategy are people centeredness, digital transformation and integrated care.
CONCLUSIONS: Hungarian digital health solutions and policies fare well in international comparison. This is due to the intensive legislative activity of the pandemic period. The National Health Informatics Strategy ensures that the digital health solutions implemented during the pandemic outlive COVID-19.

The development of efficient, stable, and versatile hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts is of great meaning, but still faces challenging. Interface engineering and phase engineering have been immensely applied in the field of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of their unique physicochemical properties. However, they are typically used separately, which limits their effectiveness. Herein, we propose an interface-engineered CoMo/CoTe electrocatalyst, consisting of an amorphous CoMo (a-CoMo) layer-encapsulated crystalline CoTe array, achieving the profound optimization of catalytic performance. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations show that the d-band center of the catalyst shifts further upward in contrast with its crystalline-crystalline counterpart, optimizing the electronic structure and the intermediate adsorption, thereby reducing the kinetic barrier of HER. The a-CoMo/CoTe with superhydrophilic/superaerophobic features shows excellent catalytic performance in alkaline, neutral, and simulated seawater environments.

Herein, we prepare MoS2 and Cu-MoS2 catalysts using the solvothermal method, a widely accepted technique for electrocatalytic overall water-splitting applications. TEM and SEM images, standard tools in materials science, provide a clear view of the morphology of Cu-MoS2. HRTEM analysis, a high-resolution imaging technique, confirms the lattice spacing, lattice plane, and crystal structure of Cu-MoS2. HAADF and corresponding color mapping and advanced imaging techniques reveal the existence of the Cu-doping, Mo, and S elements in Cu-MoS2. Notably, Cu plays a crucial role in improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of the Cu-MoS2 catalyst as compared with the MoS2 catalyst. In addition, the Cu-MoS2 catalyst demonstrates significantly lower overpotential (167.7 mV and 290 mV) and Tafel slopes (121.5 mV dec-1 and 101.5 mV dec-1), standing at -10 mA cm-2 and 10 mA cm-2 for HER and OER, respectively, compared to the MoS2 catalyst. Additionally, the Cu-MoS2 catalyst displays outstanding stability for 12 h at -10 mA cm-2 of HER and 12 h at 10 mA cm-2 of OER using chronopotentiaometry. Interestingly, the Cu-MoS2‖Cu-MoS2 cell displays a lower cell potential of 1.69 V compared with the MoS2‖MoS2 cell of 1.81 V during overall water splitting. Moreover, the Cu-MoS2‖Cu-MoS2 cell shows excellent stability when using chronopotentiaometry for 18 h at 10 mA cm-2.

We present a novel and stable laminated structure to enhance the performance and stability of silicon (Si) photocathode devices for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. First, by utilizing Cu nanoparticle catalysts to work on a n+p-black Si substrate via the metal-assisted chemical etching, we can achieve the black silicon with a porous pyramid structure. The low depth holes on the surface of the pyramid caused by Cu etching not only help enhance the light capture capability with quite low surface reflectivity (<5%) but also efficiently protect the p-n junction from damage. To improve the charge migration efficiency and mitigate parasitic light absorption from cocatalysts at the same time, we drop casted quantum dots (QDs) MoS2 with the size of nanometer scale as the first layer of catalyst. Hence, we then can safely electrodeposit cocatalyst Co nanoparticles to further enhance interface transfer efficiency. The synergistic effects of cocatalysts and optimized light absorption from the morphology and QDs contributed to the overall enhancement of PEC performance, offering a promising pathway for an efficient, low cost, and stable (over 100 h) hydrogen production photocathode.

The advancement in electrocatalysis, particularly in the development of efficient catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER), is crucial for sustainable energy generation through processes like overall water splitting. A notable bifunctional electrocatalyst, CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3, has been engineered to facilitate both OER and HER concurrently, aiming to reduce overpotentials. In the pursuit of further enhancing catalytic efficiency, a morphological transformation has been achieved by introducing a sulphur source and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the catalyst system, resulting in S-CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs. This modification has significantly improved the activity for both OER and HER. An onset overpotential of 250 mV@10 mAcm-2 for the OER and 270 mV@50 mAcm-2 for the HER, indicating efficient catalytic activity at relatively low overpotentials. S-CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs display an outstanding long-term stability in alkaline electrolytes, with minimal Tafel slopes of 77 mV/dec for the OER and 70 mV/dec for the HER, suggesting sustained catalytic performance over extended periods. Furthermore, when employed as both the cathode and anode in the context of complete water splitting, S-CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs demonstrate an impressive cell voltage of 1.52 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in a 1 M KOH solution, showcasing its viability for practical applications. Given its cost-effectiveness and superior activity, S-CoFe2O4/Co7Fe3/MWCNTs hold significant promise for widespread applications in overall water splitting electrocatalysis, contributing to the advancement of cleaner and sustainable fuel generation technologies.

The edges of 2D materials have emerged as promising electrochemical catalyst systems, yet their performance still lags behind that of noble metals. Here, we demonstrate the potential of oriented electric fields (OEFs) to enhance the electrochemical activity of 2D materials edges. By atomically engineering the edge of a fluorographene/graphene/MoS2 heterojunction nanoribbon, strong and localized OEFs were realized as confirmed by simulations and spatially resolved spectroscopy. The observed fringing OEF results in an enhancement of the heterogeneous charge transfer rate between the edge and the electrolyte by 2 orders of magnitude according to impedance spectroscopy. Ab initio calculations indicate a field-induced decrease in the reactant adsorption energy as the origin of this improvement. We apply the OEF-enhanced edge reactivity to hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and observe a significantly enhanced electrochemical performance, as evidenced by a 30% decrease in Tafel slope and a 3-fold enhanced turnover frequency. Our findings demonstrate the potential of OEFs for tailoring the catalytic properties of 2D material edges toward future complex reactions.

The large-scale application of aqueous Al-air batteries is highly restricted by the performance of Al anodes. The severe self-corrosion and hydrogen evolution of the Al anode in a concentrated alkaline electrolyte are the main reason. Here, aimed at relieving side reactions and enhancing the utilization of metal Al, we propose a hybrid electrolyte additive of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and ZnO to form a protective film at the anode/electrolyte interface and to decrease the hydrogen evolution active site. The strong absorption capability of MBT on the metal surface, along with the reduced Zn-containing layer, enables a compact protective film with high hydrogen evolution potential on the Al surface. With this benefit, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) inhibition efficiency is up to 83.58%, endowing a superior Al-air battery with an energy density of 2376.71 Wh kgAl-1 under a current density of 25 mA cm-2. The conception of constructing a hybrid protective film on the metal surface not only favors the development of metal-air batteries but also facilitates metal corrosion protection.